intro_cli.qmd

---
title: "Using the Command line Interface"
execute: 
  eval: FALSE
engine: knitr
---


## Short introduction to the command line interface (CLI)

The CLI provides a direct way to interact with the Operating System, by typing in commands. 

### Why the CLI is worth learning

* Might be the only interface you have to a High Performance Computer (HPC)
* Command statements can be reused easily and saved as scripts
* Easier automation and text files manipulation

      
### A little bit of terminology

- `Command Line Interface (CLI)`: This is a user interface that lets you interact with a computer. It is a legacy from the early days of computers. Now a days computers have graphical user interfaces instead (MacOSX, Windows, Linux, ...) 
- `Terminal`: It is a an application that lets you run a command line interface. It used to be a physical machine connected to a mainframe computer
- `Shell`: It is the program that runs the command line. There are many different shells, the most common (an default on most system) being `bash` (Bourne Again SHell)

::: {.callout-tip}
Not convinced? Check this out: [the CLI pitch](https://eds-214.github.io/eds214-handson-cli/cli-pitch.html)
:::

### The Terminal from RStudio

You can access the command line directly from RStudio by using the `Terminal` tab next to your R console.

![](img/cli-rstudio.png)

### Navigating and managing files/directories in *NIX


![](img/unix_filetree.gif)


* `pwd`: Know where you are
* `ls`: List the content of the directory
* `cd`: Go inside a directory

Some pseudo directory names. Wherever you are:

* `~` : Home directory
* `.` : Here (current directory)
* `..`: Up one level (upper directory)

Let's put this into action: 

* go to my "Home" directory:  `cd ~`
* go up one directory level: `cd ..`
* list the content: `ls`
* list the content showing hidden files: `ls -a`  note that `-a` is referred as an option (modifies the command)
 
More files/directories manipulations:

* `mkdir`: Create a directory
* `cp`: Copy a file
* `mv`: Move a file  **it is also how you rename a file!**
* `rm` / `rmdir`: Remove a file / directory  **use those carefully, there is no return / Trash!!**


**Note: typing is not your thing? the `<tab>` key is your friend!** One hit it will auto-complete the file/directory/path name for you. If there are many options, hit it twice to see the options.


### Permissions

All files have permissions and ownership.

![File permissions](img/UnixFileLongFormat.png)

* List files showing ownership and permissions: `ls -l`

```{bash}
brun@taylor:/courses/EDS214$ ls -l
total 16
drwxrwxr-x+ 3 brun      esmdomainusers 4096 Aug 20 04:49 data
drwxrwxr-x+ 2 katherine esmdomainusers 4096 Aug 18 18:32 example	
```

You can change those permissions:

* Change permissions: `chmod`
* Change ownership: `chown`


::: {.callout-tip}
Clear contents in terminal window: `clear`
:::


### General command syntax

* `command [options] [arguments]`

where `command` must be an _executable_ file on your `PATH`
* `echo $PATH`

and `options` can usually take two forms
* short form: `-a`
* long form: `--all`

You can combine the options:

```{bash}
ls -ltrh
```

What do these options do?

```{bash}
man ls
```

::: {.callout-tip}
hit `spacebar` to get to the next page of the manual
hit `q` to exit the help
:::



### Unix systems are multi-user

* Who else is logged into this machine?  `who`
* Who is logged into "this shell"?  `whoami`



### Getting help

* `<command> -h`, `<command> --help`
* `man`, `info`, `apropos`, `whereis`
* Search the web!


### finding stuff

Show me my Rmarkdown files!

```{bash}
find . -iname '*.Rmd'
```

Which files are larger than 1GB?

```{bash}
find . -size +1G
```

With more details about the files:

```{bash}
find . -size +1G -ls
```


### Getting things done

#### Some useful, special commands using the Control key

* Cancel (abort) a command: `Ctrl-c`  Note: very different than Windows!!
* Stop (suspend) a command: `Ctrl-z`
* `Ctrl-z` can be used to suspend, then background a process


#### Process management

* Like Windows Task Manager, OSX Activity Monitor
* **`top`**, `ps`, `jobs` (hit `q` to get out!)
* `kill` to delete an unwanted job or process
* Foreground and background: `&`


#### What about "space"

* How much storage is available on this system?  `df -h`
* How much storage am "I" using overall?  `du -hs <folder>`
* How much storage am "I" using, by sub directory?  `du -h <folder>`

#### History

* See your command history:  `history`
* Re-run last command:  `!!`  (pronounced "bang-bang")
* Re-run 32th command: `!32`
* Re-run 5th from last command: `!-5`
* Re-run last command that started with 'c': `!c`


### A sampling of simple commands for dealing with files

* `wc` count lines, words, and/or characters
* `diff` compare two files for differences
* `sort` sort lines in a file
* `uniq` report or filter out repeated lines in a file


### Get into the flow, with pipes 

![`stdin`, `stdout`, `stderr`](img/pipe_split.png
    "http://www.ucblueash.edu/thomas/Intro_Unix_Text/Images/pipe_split.png")

```{bash}
$ ls *.png | wc -l
$ ls *.png | wc -l > pngcount.txt
$ diff <(sort file1.txt) <(sort file2.txt)
$ ls foo 2>/dev/null
```

* note use of `*` as character wildcard for zero or more matches (same in Mac and Windows)
* `?` matches single character; `_` is SQL query equivalent


### Text editing

#### Some editors

* `vim`
* `emacs`
* `nano`

```{bash}
$ nano .bashrc
```


### Connecting to a remote server via `ssh`

From the gitbash (MS Windows) or the terminal (Mac) type:

```{bash}
ssh taylor.bren.ucsb.edu
```

You will be prompted for your username and password.

![aurora_ssh](img/aurora-ssh.png)

You can also directly add your username:

```{bash}
ssh brun@taylor.bren.ucsb.edu
```

In this case, you will be only asked for your password as you already specified which user you want to connect with.



## Hands-on

Let's practice our new skills! Click [here](https://eds-214.github.io/eds214-handson-cli/cli-handson-files.html){.external target="_blank"}


## Aknowledgements

This section adapted materials from [NCEAS Open Science for Synthesis (OSS)](https://learning.nceas.ucsb.edu/) intensive summer schools and other training. Contributions to this content have been made by Mark Schildhauer, Matt Jones, Jim Regetz and many others; and from EDS-213 [10 bash essentials](https://ucsb-library-research-data-services.github.io/bren-eds213/modules/week05/bash-essentials.html) developed by Greg Janée