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<div class="section" id="declarative-programming-using-nested-structures">
<h1>Declarative Programming using Nested Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#declarative-programming-using-nested-structures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p id="index-0">In this chapter we are going to learn how to build declarative programming world using nested structures on the top
of object oriented.</p>
<p>We will learn about</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Creating Objects inside Lists</li>
<li>Composition and Returning Objects and Lists by Reference</li>
<li>Executing code after the end of object access</li>
<li>Declarative Programming on the top of Object-Oriented</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="creating-objects-inside-lists">
<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Creating Objects inside Lists<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-objects-inside-lists" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can create objects inside lists during list definition.
Also we can add objects to the list at any time using the Add() function or the + operator.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>alist = [new point, new point, new point] # create list contains three objects
alist + [1,2,3] # add another item to the list
see "Item 4 is a list contains 3 items" + nl
see alist[4]
add(alist , new point)
alist + new point
alist[5] { x = 100 y = 200 z = 300 }
alist[6] { x = 50 y = 150 z = 250 }
see "Object inside item 5" + nl
see alist[5]
see "Object inside item 6" + nl
see alist[6]
class point x y z
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Item 4 is a list contains 3 items
1
2
3
Object inside item 5
x: 100.000000
y: 200.000000
z: 300.000000
Object inside item 6
x: 50.000000
y: 150.000000
z: 250.000000
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="composition-and-returning-objects-and-lists-by-reference">
<span id="index-2"></span><h2>Composition and Returning Objects and Lists by Reference<a class="headerlink" href="#composition-and-returning-objects-and-lists-by-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>When we use composition and have object as one of the class attributes, when we return that object it will be returned by reference.</p>
<p>if the called used the assignment operator, another copy of the object will be created.</p>
<p>The caller can avoid using the assignment operator and use the returned reference directly to access the object.</p>
<p>The same is done also if the attribute is a list (not object).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Objects and Lists are treated using the same rules. When you pass them to function they are passed by reference,</p>
</div>
<p>when you return them from functions they are returned by value except if it’s an object attribute where a return by reference
will be done.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>o1 = new Container
myobj = o1.addobj() # the assignment will create another copy
myobj.x = 100
myobj.y = 200
myobj.z = 300
see o1.aobjs[1] # print the object inside the container
see myobj # print the copy
Class Container
aObjs = []
func addobj
aobjs + new point
return aobjs[len(aobjs)] # return object by reference
Class point
x = 10
y = 20
z = 30
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
z: 30.000000
x: 100.000000
y: 200.000000
z: 300.000000
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example(2):</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>func main
o1 = new screen {
content[point()] {
x = 100
y = 200
z = 300
}
content[point()] {
x = 50
y = 150
z = 250
}
}
see o1.content[1]
see o1.content[2]
Class Screen
content = []
func point
content + new point
return len(content)
Class point
x = 10
y = 20
z = 30
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>x: 100.000000
y: 200.000000
z: 300.000000
x: 50.000000
y: 150.000000
z: 250.000000
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example(3):</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>func main
o1 = New Screen {
point() { # access the object using reference
x = 100
y = 200
z = 300
}
point() { # access the object using reference
x = 50
y = 150
z = 250
}
}
see o1.content[1]
see o1.content[2]
Class Screen
content = []
func point
content + new point
return content[len(content)] # return the object by reference
Class point x=10 y=20 z=30
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>x: 100.000000
y: 200.000000
z: 300.000000
x: 50.000000
y: 150.000000
z: 250.000000
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="executing-code-after-the-end-of-object-access">
<span id="index-3"></span><h2>Executing code after the end of object access<a class="headerlink" href="#executing-code-after-the-end-of-object-access" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can access an object using { } to use object attributes and methods.</p>
<p>if the object contains a method called BraceEnd(), it will be executed before the end of the object access.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>New Point { See "How are you?" + nl }
Class Point x y z
func braceend
see "I'm fine, Thank you!" + nl
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>How are you?
I'm fine, Thank you!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="declarative-programming-on-the-top-of-object-oriented">
<span id="index-4"></span><h2>Declarative Programming on the top of Object-Oriented<a class="headerlink" href="#declarative-programming-on-the-top-of-object-oriented" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next features enable us to build and use declartive programming environment using nested structures on the top of object oriented</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>using {} to access the object attributes and methods</li>
<li>BraceEnd() Method</li>
<li>returning objects by reference</li>
<li>Setter/Getter Methods (optional)</li>
</ul>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre># Declartive Programming (Nested Structures)
Screen()
{
point()
{
x = 100
y = 200
z = 300
}
point()
{
x = 50
y = 150
z = 250
}
}
# Functions and Classes
Func screen return new screen
Class Screen
content = []
func point
content + new point
return content[len(content)]
func braceend
see "I have " + len(content) + " points!"
Class point
x=10 y=20 z=30
func braceend
see self
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>x: 100.000000
y: 200.000000
z: 300.000000
x: 50.000000
y: 150.000000
z: 250.000000
I have 2 points!
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="more-beautiful-code">
<span id="index-5"></span><h2>More beautiful Code<a class="headerlink" href="#more-beautiful-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can get better results and a more beautiful code when we can avoid writing () after the method name
when the methods doesn’t take parameters.
This feature is not provided directly by the Ring language because there is a difference between object methods
and object attributes. We can get a similar effect on the syntax of the code when we define a getter method for
the object attribute. For example instead of defining the point() method. we will define the point attribute then
the getpoint() method that will be executed once you try to get the value of the point attribute.
since we write the variable name direcly without () we can write point instead of point() and the method getpoint()
will create the object and return the object reference for us.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>new Container
{
Point
{
x=10
y=20
z=30
}
}
Class Container
aObjs = []
point
func getpoint
aObjs + new Point
return aObjs[len(aObjs)]
Class Point x y z
func braceend
see "3D Point" + nl + x + nl + y + nl + z + nl
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>3D Point
10
20
30
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Declarative Programming using Nested Structures</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-objects-inside-lists">Creating Objects inside Lists</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#composition-and-returning-objects-and-lists-by-reference">Composition and Returning Objects and Lists by Reference</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executing-code-after-the-end-of-object-access">Executing code after the end of object access</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#declarative-programming-on-the-top-of-object-oriented">Declarative Programming on the top of Object-Oriented</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-beautiful-code">More beautiful Code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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title="previous chapter">Object Oriented Programming (OOP)</a></p>
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title="next chapter">Natural Language Programming</a></p>
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