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  <div class="section" id="files">
<h1>Files<a class="headerlink" href="#files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In this chapter we are going to learn about files functions.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Read()</li>
<li>Write()</li>
<li>Dir()</li>
<li>Rename()</li>
<li>Remove()</li>
<li>fopen()</li>
<li>fclose()</li>
<li>fflush()</li>
<li>freopen()</li>
<li>tempfile()</li>
<li>tempname()</li>
<li>fseek()</li>
<li>ftell()</li>
<li>rewind()</li>
<li>fgetpos()</li>
<li>fsetpos()</li>
<li>clearerr()</li>
<li>feof()</li>
<li>ferror()</li>
<li>perror()</li>
<li>fgetc()</li>
<li>fgets()</li>
<li>fputc()</li>
<li>fputs()</li>
<li>ungetc()</li>
<li>fread()</li>
<li>fwrite()</li>
<li>fexists()</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="read-function">
<span id="index-0"></span><h2>Read() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#read-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can read the file content using the Read() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Read(cFileName) ---&gt; String contains the file content
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>see read(&quot;myfile.txt&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The read function can read binary files too</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>see read(&quot;myapp.exe&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="write-function">
<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Write() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#write-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can write string to file using the Write() function</p>
<p>The write function can write binary data to binary files.</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Write(cFileName,cString)        # write string cString to file cFileName
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre># copy file
cFile = read(&quot;ring.exe&quot;)
write(&quot;ring2.exe&quot;,cFile)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="dir-function">
<span id="index-2"></span><h2>Dir() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#dir-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can get the folder contents (files &amp; sub folders) using the Dir() function.</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Dir(cFolderPath) ---&gt; List contains files &amp; sub folders.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This function returns a list and each list item is a list of two items</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>File/sub folder name</li>
<li>Type (0 = File , 1 = Folder/Directory)</li>
</ul>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>see &quot;Testing DIR() &quot; + nl
mylist = dir(&quot;C:\myfolder&quot;)
for x in mylist
        if x[2]
                see &quot;Directory : &quot; + x[1] + nl
        else
                see &quot;File : &quot; + x[1] + nl
        ok
next
see &quot;Files count : &quot; + len(mylist)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rename-function">
<h2>Rename() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#rename-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can rename files using the Rename() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Rename(cOldFileName,cNewFileName)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>rename(&quot;file.txt&quot;,&quot;help.txt&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="remove-function">
<h2>Remove() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#remove-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can delete a file using the Remove() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Remove(cFileName)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>remove(&quot;test.txt&quot;)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fopen-function">
<h2>Fopen() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fopen-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can open a file using the Fopen() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fopen(cFileName,cMode) ---&gt; File Handle
</pre></div>
</div>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="11%" />
<col width="89%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>&#8220;r&#8221;</td>
<td>Reading (The file must exist)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>&#8220;w&#8221;</td>
<td>Writing (create empty file / overwrite)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>&#8220;a&#8221;</td>
<td>Appends (create file if it doesn&#8217;t exist)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>&#8220;r+&#8221;</td>
<td>update (reading/writing)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>&#8220;w+&#8221;</td>
<td>Create empty file (reading/writing)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>&#8220;a+&#8221;</td>
<td>reading &amp; appending</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fclose-function">
<h2>Fclose() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fclose-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>When we open a file using fopen() function, we can close it
using the Fclose() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fclose(file handle)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fflush-function">
<h2>Fflush() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fflush-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can flushes the output buffer of a stream using the Fflush() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fflush(file handle)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="freopen-function">
<h2>Freopen() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#freopen-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can open another file using the same file handle and at the same file close
the old file</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Freopen(cFileName,cMode,file handle) ---&gt; file handle
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>freopen(&quot;myprogoutput.txt&quot;,&quot;w+&quot;,stdout)
see &quot;welcome&quot; + nl
for x = 1 to 10
        see x + nl
next

/*
** Read : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file#Device_files
** The next code is not portable, we can use iswindows() before
** using it and we can write special code for each operating system.
*/

freopen(&quot;CON&quot;,&quot;w&quot;,stdout)       # For Microsoft Windows
see &quot;Done&quot; + nl                 # print to stdout again
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre># Output to stdout
Done

# Output to file : myprogoutput.txt
welcome
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tempfile-function">
<h2>Tempfile() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#tempfile-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The function Tempfile() creates a temp. file (binary).</p>
<p>The file will be deleted automatically when the stream is closed</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>TempFile() ---&gt; file handle
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tempname-function">
<h2>Tempname() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#tempname-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can generate temp. file name using the Tempname() function</p>
<p>The generated name will be different from the name of any existing file</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Tempname() ---&gt; generated file name as string
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fseek-function">
<h2>Fseek() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fseek-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can set the file position of the stream using the Fseek() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fseek(file handle, nOffset, nWhence) ---&gt; zero if successful
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The next table presents the nWhence values</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="14%" />
<col width="86%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>0</td>
<td>Beginning of file</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>1</td>
<td>Current position</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>2</td>
<td>End of file</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="ftell-function">
<h2>Ftell() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#ftell-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can know the current file position of a stream using the Ftell() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Ftell(file handle) ---&gt; file position as number
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rewind-function">
<h2>Rewind() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#rewind-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can set the file position to the beginning of the file using the Rewind() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Rewind(file handle)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fgetpos-function">
<h2>Fgetpos() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fgetpos-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can get handle to the current file position using the Fgetpos() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fgetpos(file handle) ---&gt; position handle
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fsetpos-function">
<h2>Fsetpos() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fsetpos-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can set the current file position using the Fgetpos() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fsetpos(file handle,position handle)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="clearerr-function">
<h2>Clearerr() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#clearerr-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can clear the EOF error and the error indicators of a stream using the clearerr()
function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Clearerr(file handle)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="feof-function">
<h2>Feof() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#feof-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can test the end-of-file indicator using the Feof() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Feof(file handle) ---&gt; returns 1 if EOF and 0 if not
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="ferror-function">
<h2>Ferror() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#ferror-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can test the error indicator of a given stream using the Ferror() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Ferror(file handle) ---&gt; returns 1 if error and 0 if not
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="perror-function">
<h2>Perror() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#perror-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can print error message to the stderr using the Perror() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Perror(cErrorMessage)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fgetc-function">
<h2>Fgetc() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fgetc-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can get the next character from the stream using the Fgetc() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fgetc(file handle) ---&gt; returns character or EOF
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fgets-function">
<h2>Fgets() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fgets-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can read new line from the stream using the Fgets() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fgets(file handle,nSize) ---&gt; string
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The function stop when nSize characters are read, new line character is read or EOF.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fputc-function">
<h2>Fputc() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fputc-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can write a character to the stream using the Fputc() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fputc(file handle,cChar)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fputs-function">
<h2>Fputs() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fputs-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can write a string to the stream using the Fputs() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fputs(file handle,cString)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="ungetc-function">
<h2>Ungetc() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#ungetc-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can push a character to the stream using the Ungetc() function</p>
<p>The character will be available for the next read</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Ungetc(file handle,character)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fread-function">
<h2>Fread() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fread-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can read data from a stream using the Fread() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fread(file handle,nSize)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fwrite-function">
<h2>Fwrite() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fwrite-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can write data to a stream using the Fwrite() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fwrite(file handle,cString)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fexists-function">
<h2>Fexists() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#fexists-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can check if a file exists using the Fexists() function</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>Fexists(cFileName) ---&gt; returns 1 if the file exists
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>see fexists(&quot;b:\mahmoud\apps\ring\ring.exe&quot;) + nl +
    fexists(&quot;b:\mahmoud\apps\ring\ring2.exe&quot;) + nl
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>1
0
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example">
<h2>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next program test some of the file functions</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>See &quot;Testing file functions&quot; + nl

See &quot;open file&quot; + nl
fp = fopen(&quot;tests\s65.ring&quot;,&quot;r&quot;)

See &quot;reopen&quot; + nl
fp = freopen(&quot;tests\s78.ring&quot;,&quot;r&quot;,fp)
See &quot;close file&quot; + nl
fclose(fp)

see &quot;temp file&quot; + nl
fp = tempfile()
fclose(fp)

see &quot;temp name&quot; + nl
see tempname() + nl

remove(&quot;tests\mytest1.txt&quot;)
write(&quot;tests\test1.txt&quot;,&quot;hello&quot;)
rename(&quot;tests\test1.txt&quot;,&quot;tests\mytest2.txt&quot;)

see &quot;print file&quot; + nl
fp = fopen(&quot;tests\file.ring&quot;,&quot;r&quot;)
r = fgetc(fp)
while isstring(r)
        see r
        r = fgetc(fp)
end
fclose(fp)

see nl+&quot;print line from the file&quot; + nl
fp = fopen(&quot;tests\file.ring&quot;,&quot;r&quot;)
r = fgets(fp,100)
see r
fclose(fp)

fp = fopen(&quot;tests\myfile.txt&quot;,&quot;rw+&quot;)
fseek(fp,0,2) # goto end of file
fputc(fp,&quot;t&quot;)
fputc(fp,&quot;e&quot;)
fputc(fp,&quot;s&quot;)
fputc(fp,&quot;t&quot;)
fputs(fp,&quot;test2&quot;)
fclose(fp)

see &quot;print file&quot; + nl
see read(&quot;tests\myfile.txt&quot;)

fp = fopen(&quot;tests\myfile.txt&quot;,&quot;r&quot;)
see &quot;testing ungetc() &quot; + nl
for x = 1 to 3
        r = fgetc(fp)
        see r + nl
        ungetc(fp,r)
next
fclose(fp)

see &quot;testing fread() &quot; + nl
fp = fopen(&quot;ring.exe&quot;,&quot;r&quot;)
r = fread(fp,100)
see r + nl
fclose(fp)

see &quot;testing fwrite() &quot; + nl
fp = fopen(&quot;tests\myfile.txt&quot;,&quot;wb&quot;)
fwrite(fp,r)
fclose(fp)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


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  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Files</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#read-function">Read() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#write-function">Write() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dir-function">Dir() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rename-function">Rename() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#remove-function">Remove() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fopen-function">Fopen() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fclose-function">Fclose() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fflush-function">Fflush() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#freopen-function">Freopen() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tempfile-function">Tempfile() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tempname-function">Tempname() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fseek-function">Fseek() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ftell-function">Ftell() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rewind-function">Rewind() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fgetpos-function">Fgetpos() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fsetpos-function">Fsetpos() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#clearerr-function">Clearerr() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#feof-function">Feof() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ferror-function">Ferror() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#perror-function">Perror() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fgetc-function">Fgetc() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fgets-function">Fgets() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fputc-function">Fputc() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fputs-function">Fputs() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ungetc-function">Ungetc() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fread-function">Fread() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fwrite-function">Fwrite() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fexists-function">Fexists() Function</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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