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<div class="section" id="control-structures-second-style">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>Control Structures - Second Style<a class="headerlink" href="#control-structures-second-style" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In this chapter we are going to learn about the second style of control structures
provided by the Ring programming language.</p>
<div class="section" id="branching">
<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Branching<a class="headerlink" href="#branching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple" id="index-2">
<li><p>If Statement</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">Expression</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="n">Expression</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">put</span> <span class="s">"</span>
<span class="n">Main</span> <span class="n">Menu</span>
<span class="o">---------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Say</span> <span class="n">Hello</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">About</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">Exit</span>
<span class="s">" get nOption</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nOption</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="s">"Enter your name : "</span> <span class="k">get</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="s">"Hello "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="n">nOption</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="s">"Sample : using if statement"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="n">nOption</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="k">bye</span>
<span class="k">else</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="s">"bad option..."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple" id="index-3">
<li><p>Switch Statement</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="n">Expression</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">Expression</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"</span>
<span class="n">Main</span> <span class="n">Menu</span>
<span class="o">---------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Say</span> <span class="n">Hello</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">About</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">Exit</span>
<span class="s">" Get nOption</span>
<span class="k">Switch</span> <span class="n">nOption</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Enter your name : "</span> <span class="k">Get</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Hello "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Sample : using switch statement"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="k">Bye</span>
<span class="k">Else</span> <span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"bad option..."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">End</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="looping">
<span id="index-4"></span><h2>Looping<a class="headerlink" href="#looping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>While Loop</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">Expression</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">While</span> <span class="kp">True</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"</span>
<span class="n">Main</span> <span class="n">Menu</span>
<span class="o">---------</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Say</span> <span class="n">Hello</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">About</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">Exit</span>
<span class="s">" Get nOption</span>
<span class="k">Switch</span> <span class="n">nOption</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Enter your name : "</span>
<span class="k">Get</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Hello "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Sample : using while loop"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">Case</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="k">Bye</span>
<span class="k">Else</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"bad option..."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">End</span>
<span class="k">End</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple" id="index-5">
<li><p>For Loop</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">identifier</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="o">[</span><span class="k">step</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">]</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># print numbers from 1 to 10</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span> <span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># Dynamic loop</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Start : "</span> <span class="k">get</span> <span class="n">nStart</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"End : "</span> <span class="k">get</span> <span class="n">nEnd</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="s">"Step : "</span> <span class="k">get</span> <span class="n">nStep</span>
<span class="k">For</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nStart</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="n">nEnd</span> <span class="k">Step</span> <span class="n">nStep</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">End</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># print even numbers from 0 to 10</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="k">step</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">Put</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># print even numbers from 10 to 0</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">step</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="k">put</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple" id="index-6">
<li><p>For in Loop</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">identifier</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="kt">List</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kt">String</span> <span class="o">[</span><span class="k">step</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">]</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">aList</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="c"># create list contains numbers from 1 to 10</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">aList</span> <span class="k">put</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span> <span class="k">end</span> <span class="c"># print numbers from 1 to 10</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exceptions">
<span id="index-7"></span><h2>Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">catch</span>
<span class="n">Block</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">statements</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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