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<title>Natural Language Programming — Ring 1.14 documentation</title>
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<div class="section" id="natural-language-programming">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>Natural Language Programming<a class="headerlink" href="#natural-language-programming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Using the Ring programming language, we can create Natural programming languages based
on classes and objects.</p>
<div class="section" id="history">
<span id="index-1"></span><h2>History<a class="headerlink" href="#history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In 2010, I developed a new programming language called Supernova (developed using PWCT).
This language uses a code that looks similar to Natural Language statements to create simple GUI applications.
Now after five years, In the Ring programming language, we can get similar results, but now we have the ability
to create/use code similar to Natural language statements in any domain that we like or need.</p>
<p>The Ring programming language comes with the Supernova spirit, but with more generalization and with mix of other languages
spirits.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example">
<span id="index-2"></span><h2>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next example presents how to create a class that define two instructions</p>
<p>The first instruction is : I want window</p>
<p>The second instruction is : Window title = <expr></p>
<p>Also keywords that can be ignored like the ‘the’ keyword</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">New</span> <span class="n">App</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">I</span> <span class="n">want</span> <span class="n">window</span>
<span class="n">The</span> <span class="n">window</span> <span class="n">title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"hello world"</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">Class</span> <span class="n">App</span>
<span class="c"># Attributes for the instruction I want window</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="n">want</span> <span class="n">window</span>
<span class="n">nIwantwindow</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="c"># Attributes for the instruction Window title</span>
<span class="c"># Here we don't define the window attribute again</span>
<span class="n">title</span>
<span class="n">nWindowTitle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="c"># Keywords to ignore, just give them any value</span>
<span class="n">the</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">geti</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nIwantwindow</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">nIwantwindow</span><span class="o">++</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">getwant</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nIwantwindow</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">nIwantwindow</span><span class="o">++</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">getwindow</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nIwantwindow</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="n">nIwantwindow</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Instruction : I want window"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nWindowTitle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">nWindowTitle</span><span class="o">++</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">settitle</span> <span class="n">cValue</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">nWindowTitle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">nWindowTitle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Instruction : Window Title = "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cValue</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Instruction</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">I</span> <span class="n">want</span> <span class="n">window</span>
<span class="n">Instruction</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Window</span> <span class="n">Title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hello</span> <span class="n">world</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="change-the-ring-keyword-and">
<span id="index-3"></span><h2>Change the Ring Keyword ‘And’<a class="headerlink" href="#change-the-ring-keyword-and" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>What if we want to connect between the two instructions using ‘and’</p>
<p>We have a problem because in Ring ‘and’ is a keyword</p>
<p>We can change that using the ChangeRingKeyword command.</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">ChangeRingKeyword</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">oldkeyword</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">newkeyword</span><span class="o">></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>remember to restore the keyword again</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>The ChangeRingKeyword command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).</p>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ChangeRingKeyword and _and
New App
{
I want window and the window title = "hello world"
}
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0 and=0
ChangeRingKeyword _and and
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func settitle cValue
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue + nl
ok
func getand
see "Using : and" + nl
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Instruction</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">I</span> <span class="n">want</span> <span class="n">window</span>
<span class="n">Using</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="ow">and</span>
<span class="n">Instruction</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Window</span> <span class="n">Title</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hello</span> <span class="n">world</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="change-the-ring-operator">
<span id="index-4"></span><h2>Change the Ring Operator ‘+’<a class="headerlink" href="#change-the-ring-operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>What if we want to define a new behavior for any operator like the “+” operator.</p>
<p>We can do this change using the ChangeRingOperator command to hide operator (change it’s name)</p>
<p>Then we can use the operator as identifier that we can handle it’s behaviour</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">ChangeRingOperator</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">oldoperator</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">newoperator</span><span class="o">></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>remember to restore the operator again</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>The ChangeRingOperator command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).</p>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ChangeRingOperator + _+
New App {
+
}
Class App
+
func get+
see "Plus operator"
ChangeRingOperator _+ +
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Plus</span> <span class="n">operator</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="change-the-operator-to-is">
<span id="index-5"></span><h2>Change the ‘=’ operator to ‘is’<a class="headerlink" href="#change-the-operator-to-is" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ChangeRingKeyword and _and
ChangeRingOperator = is
New App
{
I want window and the window title is "hello world"
}
ChangeRingOperator is =
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0 and=0
ChangeRingKeyword _and and
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func settitle cValue
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue + nl
ok
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-eval-with-our-natural-code">
<span id="index-6"></span><h2>Using Eval() with our Natural Code<a class="headerlink" href="#using-eval-with-our-natural-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>func Main
cProgram = ' I want window and the window title is "hello world" '
MyLanguage(cProgram)
Func MyLanguage cCode
# We add to the code the instructions that change keywords and operators
# Because Eval() uses a new Compiler Object (the original keywords and operatos).
cCode = '
ChangeRingKeyword and _and
ChangeRingOperator = is
' + cCode
New App
{
eval(cCode)
}
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0
ChangeRingKeyword and _and
and=0
ChangeRingKeyword _and and
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func settitle cValue
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=0
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue + nl
ok
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="bracestart-and-braceend-methods">
<span id="index-7"></span><h2>BraceStart and BraceEnd Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#bracestart-and-braceend-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>We can write code that will be executed before/after using { }</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">o1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">test</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Hello"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">o1</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">test</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">bracestart</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"start"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">braceend</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"end"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">start</span>
<span class="n">Hello</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="n">start</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="braceexpreval-method">
<span id="index-8"></span><h2>BraceExprEval Method<a class="headerlink" href="#braceexpreval-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next example demonstrates how to use the “BraceExprEval” method to get expressions in
Natural code.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">natural</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">create</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">natural</span>
<span class="n">create</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">lkeyword</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kp">false</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">braceexpreval</span> <span class="n">r</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">lkeyword</span> <span class="n">lkeyword</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kp">false</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"expr eval"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"type: "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">see</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"value : "</span> <span class="k">see</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="k">see</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">getcreate</span>
<span class="n">lkeyword</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kp">true</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"create"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">create</span>
<span class="n">expr</span> <span class="n">eval</span>
<span class="n">type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">NUMBER</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="real-natural-code">
<span id="index-9"></span><h2>Real Natural Code<a class="headerlink" href="#real-natural-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next example is a more advanced example</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c"># Natural Code</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">program</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Accept</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">numbers</span> <span class="n">then</span> <span class="n">print</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">sum</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c"># Natural Code Implementation</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">program</span>
<span class="c"># Keywords</span>
<span class="n">Accept</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">numbers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">then</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">print</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">the</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">sum</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="c"># Execution</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">braceexpreval</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">getnumbers</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">to</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Enter Number ("</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s">") :"</span> <span class="k">give</span> <span class="n">nNumber</span>
<span class="n">aNumbers</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nNumber</span>
<span class="k">next</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">getsum</span>
<span class="n">nSUm</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">aNumbers</span> <span class="n">nSum</span><span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">next</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"The Sum : "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nSum</span>
<span class="n">private</span>
<span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="n">aNumbers</span><span class="o">=[]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Enter</span> <span class="n">Number</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="n">Enter</span> <span class="n">Number</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="n">The</span> <span class="n">Sum</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="braceerror-method">
<span id="index-10"></span><h2>BraceError() Method<a class="headerlink" href="#braceerror-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The next examples demonstrates how to use the “BraceError” method to handle errors when accessing
the object using braces {}.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">main</span>
<span class="n">o1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">point</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span>
<span class="n">TEST</span>
<span class="k">SEE</span> <span class="n">test</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">point</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="n">z</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">braceerror</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Handle Error!"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">SEE</span> <span class="s">"Message :"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cCatchError</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cCatchError</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"Error (R24)"</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">isattribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"test"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"add attribute"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="n">addattribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">"test"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="k">ok</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"done"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">return</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Handle</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="o">!</span>
<span class="n">Message</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="n">Error</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">R24</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Using</span> <span class="n">uninitialized</span> <span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">test</span>
<span class="n">add</span> <span class="n">attribute</span>
<span class="k">done</span>
<span class="mi">10</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">point</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"mmm..."</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">NL</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">point</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="n">z</span>
<span class="k">func</span> <span class="n">braceerror</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Handle Error!"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Message :"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cCatchError</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">nl</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="n">self</span>
<span class="k">see</span> <span class="s">"Done"</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">NL</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Output:</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Handle</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="o">!</span>
<span class="n">Message</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="n">Error</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">R3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Calling</span> <span class="n">Function</span> <span class="n">without</span> <span class="n">definition</span> <span class="o">!</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">test</span>
<span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">10.000000</span>
<span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">20.000000</span>
<span class="n">z</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">30.000000</span>
<span class="k">Done</span>
<span class="n">mmm</span><span class="p">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="clean-natural-code">
<span id="index-11"></span><h2>Clean Natural Code<a class="headerlink" href="#clean-natural-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Instead of typing the literal as “literal” we can accept the words directly.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p>The next example accept hello world instead of “hello world”</p>
<p>But this example uses braceend() to check the end of the instruction</p>
<p>This means that this class process only one natural statement that end with literal.</p>
<div class="highlight-ring notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>ChangeRingKeyword and _and
New App
{
I want window and the window title is hello world
}
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title is
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0 and=0
# Data
literal = ""
ChangeRingKeyword _and and
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
ok
func gettitle
if nWindowTitle = 1
nWindowTitle=2
ok
func getis
if nWindowTitle = 2
nWindowTitle=3
ok
func braceend
if nWindowTitle = 3
see "Instruction : Window Title = " + literal + nl
nWindowTitle = 0
ok
func braceerror
c= substr(cCatchError,":")
while c > 0
c= substr(cCatchError,":")
cCatchError=substr(cCatchError,c+1)
end
literal += substr(cCatchError,1)
</pre></div>
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