s/http/https for linux-insides

Author: 0xAX

Cgroups/linux-cgroups-1.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Control Groups
 Introduction
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-This is the first part of the new chapter of the [linux insides](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/) book and as you may guess by part's name - this part will cover [control groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups) or `cgroups` mechanism in the Linux kernel.
+This is the first part of the new chapter of the [linux insides](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/) book and as you may guess by part's name - this part will cover [control groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups) or `cgroups` mechanism in the Linux kernel.
 
 `Cgroups` are special mechanism provided by the Linux kernel which allows us to allocate kind of `resources` like processor time, number of processes per group, amount of memory per control group or combination of such resources for a process or set of processes. `Cgroups` are organized hierarchically and here this mechanism is similar to usual processes as they are hierarchical too and child `cgroups` inherit set of certain parameters from their parents. But actually they are not the same. The main differences between `cgroups` and normal processes that many different hierarchies of control groups may exist simultaneously in one time while normal process tree is always single. This was not a casual step because each control group hierarchy is attached to set of control group `subsystems`.
 

Concepts/linux-cpu-1.md

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Where the `percpu_alloc_setup` function sets the `pcpu_chosen_fc` variable depen
 enum pcpu_fc pcpu_chosen_fc __initdata = PCPU_FC_AUTO;
 ```
 
-If the `percpu_alloc` parameter is not given to the kernel command line, the `embed` allocator will be used which embeds the first percpu chunk into bootmem with the [memblock](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html). The last allocator is the first chunk `page` allocator which maps the first chunk with `PAGE_SIZE` pages.
+If the `percpu_alloc` parameter is not given to the kernel command line, the `embed` allocator will be used which embeds the first percpu chunk into bootmem with the [memblock](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/linux-mm-1.html). The last allocator is the first chunk `page` allocator which maps the first chunk with `PAGE_SIZE` pages.
 
 As I wrote above, first of all we make a check of the first chunk allocator type in the `setup_per_cpu_areas`. We check that first chunk allocator is not page:
 

Concepts/linux-cpu-2.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Introduction
 * [lib/cpumask.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/lib/cpumask.c)
 * [kernel/cpu.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/cpu.c)
 
-As comment says from the [include/linux/cpumask.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/linux/cpumask.h): Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number. We already saw a bit about cpumask in the `boot_cpu_init` function from the [Kernel entry point](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-4.html) part. This function makes first boot cpu online, active and etc...:
+As comment says from the [include/linux/cpumask.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/include/linux/cpumask.h): Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number. We already saw a bit about cpumask in the `boot_cpu_init` function from the [Kernel entry point](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-4.html) part. This function makes first boot cpu online, active and etc...:
 
 ```C
 set_cpu_online(cpu, true);

Initialization/linux-initialization-1.md

@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ INIT_PER_CPU(gdt_page);
 
 As we got `init_per_cpu__gdt_page` in `INIT_PER_CPU_VAR` and `INIT_PER_CPU` macro from linker script will be expanded we will get offset from the `__per_cpu_load`. After this calculations, we will have correct base address of the new GDT.
 
-Generally per-CPU variables is a 2.6 kernel feature. You can understand what it is from its name. When we create `per-CPU` variable, each CPU will have its own copy of this variable. Here we creating `gdt_page` per-CPU variable. There are many advantages for variables of this type, like there are no locks, because each CPU works with its own copy of variable and etc... So every core on multiprocessor will have its own `GDT` table and every entry in the table will represent a memory segment which can be accessed from the thread which ran on the core. You can read in details about `per-CPU` variables in the [Theory/per-cpu](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/linux-cpu-1.html) post.
+Generally per-CPU variables is a 2.6 kernel feature. You can understand what it is from its name. When we create `per-CPU` variable, each CPU will have its own copy of this variable. Here we creating `gdt_page` per-CPU variable. There are many advantages for variables of this type, like there are no locks, because each CPU works with its own copy of variable and etc... So every core on multiprocessor will have its own `GDT` table and every entry in the table will represent a memory segment which can be accessed from the thread which ran on the core. You can read in details about `per-CPU` variables in the [Theory/per-cpu](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Concepts/linux-cpu-1.html) post.
 
 As we loaded new Global Descriptor Table, we reload segments as we did it every time:
 
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ Links
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 * [Model Specific Register](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register)
-* [Paging](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html)
-* [Previous part - Kernel decompression](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Booting/linux-bootstrap-5.html)
+* [Paging](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html)
+* [Previous part - Kernel decompression](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Booting/linux-bootstrap-5.html)
 * [NX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit)
 * [ASLR](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization)

Initialization/linux-initialization-10.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Kernel initialization. Part 10.
 End of the linux kernel initialization process
 ================================================================================
 
-This is tenth part of the chapter about linux kernel [initialization process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html) and in the [previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html) we saw the initialization of the [RCU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-copy-update) and stopped on the call of the `acpi_early_init` function. This part will be the last part of the [Kernel initialization process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html) chapter, so let's finish it.
+This is tenth part of the chapter about linux kernel [initialization process](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html) and in the [previous part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html) we saw the initialization of the [RCU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-copy-update) and stopped on the call of the `acpi_early_init` function. This part will be the last part of the [Kernel initialization process](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html) chapter, so let's finish it.
 
 After the call of the `acpi_early_init` function from the [init/main.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/init/main.c), we can see the following code:
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ nrpages = (nr_free_buffer_pages() * 10) / 100;
 max_buffer_heads = nrpages * (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct buffer_head));
 ```
 
-which will be equal to the `10%` of the `ZONE_NORMAL` (all RAM from the 4GB on the `x86_64`). The next function after the `buffer_init` is - `vfs_caches_init`. This function allocates `SLAB` caches and hashtable for different [VFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) caches. We already saw the `vfs_caches_init_early` function in the eighth part of the linux kernel [initialization process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-8.html) which initialized caches for `dcache` (or directory-cache) and [inode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode) cache. The `vfs_caches_init` function makes post-early initialization of the `dcache` and `inode` caches, private data cache, hash tables for the mount points, etc. More details about [VFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) will be described in the separate part. After this we can see `signals_init` function. This function is defined in the [kernel/signal.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/signal.c) and allocates a cache for the `sigqueue` structures which represents queue of the real time signals. The next function is `page_writeback_init`. This function initializes the ratio for the dirty pages. Every low-level page entry contains the `dirty` bit which indicates whether a page has been written to after been loaded into memory.
+which will be equal to the `10%` of the `ZONE_NORMAL` (all RAM from the 4GB on the `x86_64`). The next function after the `buffer_init` is - `vfs_caches_init`. This function allocates `SLAB` caches and hashtable for different [VFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) caches. We already saw the `vfs_caches_init_early` function in the eighth part of the linux kernel [initialization process](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-8.html) which initialized caches for `dcache` (or directory-cache) and [inode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode) cache. The `vfs_caches_init` function makes post-early initialization of the `dcache` and `inode` caches, private data cache, hash tables for the mount points, etc. More details about [VFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) will be described in the separate part. After this we can see `signals_init` function. This function is defined in the [kernel/signal.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/16f73eb02d7e1765ccab3d2018e0bd98eb93d973/kernel/signal.c) and allocates a cache for the `sigqueue` structures which represents queue of the real time signals. The next function is `page_writeback_init`. This function initializes the ratio for the dirty pages. Every low-level page entry contains the `dirty` bit which indicates whether a page has been written to after been loaded into memory.
 
 Creation of the root for the procfs
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ That's all! Linux kernel initialization process is finished!
 Conclusion
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-It is the end of the tenth part about the linux kernel [initialization process](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html). It is not only the `tenth` part, but also is the last part which describes initialization of the linux kernel. As I wrote in the first [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) of this chapter, we will go through all steps of the kernel initialization and we did it. We started at the first architecture-independent function - `start_kernel` and finished with the launch of the first `init` process in the our system. I skipped details about different subsystem of the kernel, for example I almost did not cover scheduler, interrupts, exception handling, etc. From the next part we will start to dive to the different kernel subsystems. Hope it will be interesting.
+It is the end of the tenth part about the linux kernel [initialization process](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html). It is not only the `tenth` part, but also is the last part which describes initialization of the linux kernel. As I wrote in the first [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) of this chapter, we will go through all steps of the kernel initialization and we did it. We started at the first architecture-independent function - `start_kernel` and finished with the launch of the first `init` process in the our system. I skipped details about different subsystem of the kernel, for example I almost did not cover scheduler, interrupts, exception handling, etc. From the next part we will start to dive to the different kernel subsystems. Hope it will be interesting.
 
 If you have any questions or suggestions write me a comment or ping me at [twitter](https://twitter.com/0xAX).
 
@@ -470,4 +470,4 @@ Links
 * [Tmpfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs)
 * [initrd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd)
 * [panic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_panic)
-* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html)
+* [Previous part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html)

Initialization/linux-initialization-2.md

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Kernel initialization. Part 2.
 Early interrupt and exception handling
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-In the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) we stopped before setting of early interrupt handlers. At this moment we are in the decompressed Linux kernel, we have basic [paging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table) structure for early boot and our current goal is to finish early preparation before the main kernel code will start to work.
+In the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) we stopped before setting of early interrupt handlers. At this moment we are in the decompressed Linux kernel, we have basic [paging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table) structure for early boot and our current goal is to finish early preparation before the main kernel code will start to work.
 
-We already started to do this preparation in the previous [first](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) part of this [chapter](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html). We continue in this part and will know more about interrupt and exception handling.
+We already started to do this preparation in the previous [first](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) part of this [chapter](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/index.html). We continue in this part and will know more about interrupt and exception handling.
 
 Remember that we stopped before following loop:
 
@@ -492,4 +492,4 @@ Links
 * [Page table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_table)
 * [Interrupt handler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler)
 * [Page Fault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault),
-* [Previous part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html)
+* [Previous part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html)

Initialization/linux-initialization-3.md

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ After microcode was loaded we can see the check of the `console_loglevel` and th
 Move on init pages
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-In the next step, as we have copied `boot_params` structure, we need to move from the early page tables to the page tables for initialization process. We already set early page tables for switchover, you can read about it in the previous [part](http://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) and dropped all it in the `reset_early_page_tables` function (you can read about it in the previous part too) and kept only kernel high mapping. After this we call:
+In the next step, as we have copied `boot_params` structure, we need to move from the early page tables to the page tables for initialization process. We already set early page tables for switchover, you can read about it in the previous [part](https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-1.html) and dropped all it in the `reset_early_page_tables` function (you can read about it in the previous part too) and kept only kernel high mapping. After this we call:
 
 ```C
 	clear_page(init_level4_pgt);