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Primer commit del libro de python intermedio en Español.
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‎CNAME

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book.pythontips.com

‎Makefile

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# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
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#
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# You can set these variables from the command line.
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SPHINXOPTS =
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SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build
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PAPER =
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BUILDDIR = _build
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# User-friendly check for sphinx-build
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ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
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$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
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endif
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# Internal variables.
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PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4
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PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
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ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
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# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
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I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
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.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext
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help:
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@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
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@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
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@echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
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@echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
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@echo " pickle to make pickle files"
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@echo " json to make JSON files"
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@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
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@echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
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@echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
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@echo " epub to make an epub"
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@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
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@echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
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@echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
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@echo " text to make text files"
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@echo " man to make manual pages"
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@echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files"
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@echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
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@echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs"
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@echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
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@echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files"
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@echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
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@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
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@echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
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clean:
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rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
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html:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
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dirhtml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
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singlehtml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
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pickle:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
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json:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
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htmlhelp:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
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".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
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qthelp:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
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".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
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@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/PythonTips.qhcp"
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@echo "To view the help file:"
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@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/PythonTips.qhc"
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devhelp:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished."
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@echo "To view the help file:"
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@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/PythonTips"
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@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/PythonTips"
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@echo "# devhelp"
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epub:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
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latex:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
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@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
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"(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
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latexpdf:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
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@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
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$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
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@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
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latexpdfja:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
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@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
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$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
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@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
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text:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
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man:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
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texinfo:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
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@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
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"(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
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info:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
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@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
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make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
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@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
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gettext:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
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changes:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
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@echo
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@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
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linkcheck:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
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@echo
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@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
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"or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
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doctest:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
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@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
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"results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
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xml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
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pseudoxml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."

‎README.md

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![Intermediate Python Book Cover](_static/cover.png)
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Intermediate Python
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===================
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Python is an amazing language with a strong and friendly community of programmers. However, there is a lack of documentation on what to learn after getting the basics of Python down your throat. Through this book I aim to solve this problem. I will give you bits of information about some interesting topics which you can further explore.
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The topics which are discussed in this book will open your mind to some nice corners of Python language. This book is an outcome of my desire to have something like this when I was beginning to learn Python.
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If you are a beginner, intermediate or even an advanced programmer there is something for you in this book.
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Please note that this book is not a tutorial and does not teach you Python. The topics are not explained in-depth and only the minimum required information is given.
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I am sure you are as excited as I am. So, let’s start!
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Note: This book is a work in progress. If you find anything which you can further improve (I know you will find a lot of stuff) then kindly submit a pull request. :)
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Moreover, if you want to add more content to this book then kindly submit a pull request and I will be more than happy to merge it. :+1:
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-------------------
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**Note:** If you want to tip me for my work then you can buy the donation version of this book from [Gumroad](https://gum.co/intermediate_python). Apart from that, if this book somehow helps you then kindly share your experience with [me](mailto:yasoob.khld@gmail.com). I would really appreciate it.
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-------------------
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Table of Contents:
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------------------
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1) Programmer tools
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- [Virtual Environment](virtual_environment.rst)
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- [Debugging](debugging.rst)
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- [Object introspection](object_introspection.rst)
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2) Syntax
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- [Exceptions](exceptions.rst)
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- [For - Else](for_-_else.rst)
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- [Ternary Operators](ternary_operators.rst)
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- [Global & Return](global_&_return.rst)
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- [Open function](open_function.rst)
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- [\*args and \*\*kwargs](args_and_kwargs.rst)
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- [Context managers](context_managers.rst)
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3) Functional programming
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- [Enumerate](enumerate.rst)
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- [Lambdas](lambdas.rst)
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- [``set`` Data Structure](set_-_data_structure.rst)
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- [Map & Filter](map_filter.rst)
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- [Comprehensions](comprehensions.rst)
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4) Data structures
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- [Generators](generators.rst)
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- [Coroutines](coroutines.rst)
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- [Classes](classes.rst)
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5) Data types
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- [Collections](collections.rst)
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- [Mutation](mutation.rst)
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- [\_\_slots\_\_ Magic](__slots__magic.rst)
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6) Decorators
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- [What is a decorator?](decorators.rst)
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- [Function caching](function_caching.rst)
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7) Extras
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- [One Liners](one_liners.rst)
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- [Targeting Python 2+3](targeting_python_2_3.rst)
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- [Python C extensions](python_c_extension.rst)
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Author:
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------
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- [Muhammad Yasoob Ullah Khalid](https://github.com/yasoob)
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Acknowledgement:
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----------------
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- [Philipp Hagemeister](https://github.com/phihag):
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He wrote the chapter on Open function. Thanks Philipp! :+1:
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Translation:
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------------
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If you want to translate this book in any other language then kindly let [me know](mailto:yasoob.khld@gmail.com). I would love your contribution. The currently translated versions are listed below:
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- [Chinese](https://github.com/eastlakeside/interpy-zh)
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- [Russian](https://github.com/lancelote/interpy-ru)
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- [Korean](https://github.com/DDanggle/interpy-kr)
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- [Portuguese](https://github.com/joanasouza/intermediatePython)
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License:
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-------
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This book is released under the [following](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) CC license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
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If you end up using/recommending this book to someone then kindly [let me know](mailto:yasoob.khld@gmail.com). :smile:
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‎__slots__magic.rst

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Método mágico \_\_slots\_\_
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-------------------
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En Python cualquier clase tiene atributos de instancia. Por defecto se usa un diccionario para almacenar los atributos de un determinado objeto, y esto es algo muy útil que permite por ejemplo crear nuevos atributos en tiempo de ejecución.
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Sin embargo, para clases pequeñas con atributos conocidos, puede llegar a resultar un cuello de botella. El uso del diccionario ``dict`` desperdicia un montón de memoria RAM y Python no puede asignar una cantidad de memoria estática para almacenar los atributos. Por lo tanto, se come un montón de RAM si creas muchos objetos (del orden de miles o millones). Por suerte hay una forma de solucionar esto, haciendo uso de ``__slots__``, que permite decirle a Python que no use un diccionario y que solo asigne memoria para una cantidad fija de atributos. Aquí mostramos un ejemplo del uso de ``__slots__``:
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**Sin usar** ``__slots__``:
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.. code:: python
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class MiClase(object):
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def __init__(self, nombre, identificador):
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self.nombre = nombre
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self.identificador = identificador
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self.iniciar()
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# ...
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**Usando** ``__slots__``:
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.. code:: python
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class MiClase(object):
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__slots__ = ['nombre', 'identificador']
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def __init__(self, nombre, identificador):
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self.nombre = nombre
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self.identificador = identificador
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self.iniciar()
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# ...
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El segundo código reducirá el uso de RAM. En alguna ocasiones se han reportado reducciones de hasta un 40 o 50% usando esta técnica.
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Como nota adicional, tal vez quieras echar un vistazo a PyPy, ya que hace este tipo de optimizaciones por defecto.
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En el siguiente ejemplo puedes ver el uso exacto de memoria con y sin ``__slots__``hecho en IPython gracias a https://github.com/ianozsvald/ipython_memory_usage
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.. code:: python
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Python 3.4.3 (default, Jun 6 2015, 13:32:34)
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Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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IPython 4.0.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
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? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
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%quickref -> Quick reference.
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help -> Python's own help system.
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object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
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In [1]: import ipython_memory_usage.ipython_memory_usage as imu
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In [2]: imu.start_watching_memory()
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In [2] used 0.0000 MiB RAM in 5.31s, peaked 0.00 MiB above current, total RAM usage 15.57 MiB
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In [3]: %cat slots.py
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class MyClass(object):
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__slots__ = ['name', 'identifier']
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def __init__(self, name, identifier):
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self.name = name
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self.identifier = identifier
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num = 1024*256
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x = [MyClass(1,1) for i in range(num)]
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In [3] used 0.2305 MiB RAM in 0.12s, peaked 0.00 MiB above current, total RAM usage 15.80 MiB
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In [4]: from slots import *
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In [4] used 9.3008 MiB RAM in 0.72s, peaked 0.00 MiB above current, total RAM usage 25.10 MiB
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In [5]: %cat noslots.py
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class MyClass(object):
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def __init__(self, name, identifier):
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self.name = name
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self.identifier = identifier
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num = 1024*256
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x = [MyClass(1,1) for i in range(num)]
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In [5] used 0.1758 MiB RAM in 0.12s, peaked 0.00 MiB above current, total RAM usage 25.28 MiB
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In [6]: from noslots import *
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In [6] used 22.6680 MiB RAM in 0.80s, peaked 0.00 MiB above current, total RAM usage 47.95 MiB
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Se puede ver una clara reducción en el uso de RAM 9.3008 MiB vs 22.6680 MiB.

‎_static/cover.pdf

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‎_static/cover.png

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‎_static/custom.css

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@media screen and (min-width: 1000px){
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iframe{
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margin-left: 330px;
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}
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}

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