diff --git a/include/flashinfer/attention/cascade.cuh b/include/flashinfer/attention/cascade.cuh
index 5445156b..2e678ec6 100644
--- a/include/flashinfer/attention/cascade.cuh
+++ b/include/flashinfer/attention/cascade.cuh
@@ -301,85 +301,94 @@ __global__ void MergeStatesLargeNumIndexSetsKernel(DTypeIn* __restrict__ V, floa
  */
 template <uint32_t vec_size, uint32_t bdx, uint32_t bdy, uint32_t num_smem_stages, typename DTypeIn,
           typename DTypeOut, typename IdType>
-__global__ void VariableLengthMergeStatesKernel(DTypeIn* __restrict__ V, float* __restrict__ S,
-                                                IdType* indptr, DTypeOut* __restrict__ v_merged,
-                                                float* __restrict__ s_merged, uint32_t num_heads) {
+__global__ void PersistentVariableLengthMergeStatesKernel(DTypeIn* __restrict__ V,
+                                                          float* __restrict__ S, IdType* indptr,
+                                                          DTypeOut* __restrict__ v_merged,
+                                                          float* __restrict__ s_merged,
+                                                          uint32_t seq_len, uint32_t num_heads) {
   uint32_t tx = threadIdx.x, ty = threadIdx.y;
-  uint32_t pos = blockIdx.x;
-  uint32_t head_idx = blockIdx.y;
-  state_t<vec_size> st;
+  uint32_t cta_id = blockIdx.x;
+  uint32_t num_ctas = gridDim.x;
+  uint32_t num_iters = ceil_div(seq_len * num_heads, num_ctas);
   constexpr uint32_t vec_bits = sizeof(DTypeIn) * vec_size * 8;
   constexpr uint32_t head_dim = vec_size * bdx;
-
   extern __shared__ uint8_t smem[];
   DTypeIn* v_smem = (DTypeIn*)smem;
   float* s_smem = (float*)(smem + num_smem_stages * bdy * head_dim * sizeof(DTypeIn));
-  const uint32_t num_index_sets = indptr[pos + 1] - indptr[pos];
 
-  if (num_index_sets == 0) {
-    vec_t<DTypeOut, vec_size> v;
-    v.fill(DTypeOut(0));
-    v.store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
-    if (s_merged != nullptr) {
-      s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = -5e4;
+#pragma unroll 1
+  for (uint32_t i = cta_id; i < seq_len * num_heads; i += num_ctas) {
+    uint32_t pos = i / num_heads;
+    uint32_t head_idx = i % num_heads;
+    state_t<vec_size> st;
+    const uint32_t num_index_sets = indptr[pos + 1] - indptr[pos];
+
+    if (num_index_sets == 0) {
+      vec_t<DTypeOut, vec_size> v;
+      v.fill(DTypeOut(0));
+      v.store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
+      if (s_merged != nullptr) {
+        s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = -5e4;
+      }
+      continue;
     }
-    return;
-  }
 
-  if (num_index_sets == 1) {
-    vec_t<DTypeOut, vec_size> v;
-    v.cast_load(V + (indptr[pos] * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
-    v.store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
-    if (s_merged != nullptr) {
-      s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = S[indptr[pos] * num_heads + head_idx];
+    if (num_index_sets == 1) {
+      vec_t<DTypeOut, vec_size> v;
+      v.cast_load(V + (indptr[pos] * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
+      v.store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
+      if (s_merged != nullptr) {
+        s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = S[indptr[pos] * num_heads + head_idx];
+      }
+      continue;
     }
-  }
 
 #pragma unroll
-  for (uint32_t iter = 0; iter < num_smem_stages; ++iter) {
-    cp_async::pred_load<vec_bits, PrefetchMode::kPrefetch, SharedMemFillMode::kNoFill>(
-        v_smem + (iter * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
-        V + ((indptr[pos] + (iter * bdy + ty)) * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
-        (iter * bdy + ty) < num_index_sets);
-    cp_async::commit_group();
-  }
+    for (uint32_t iter = 0; iter < num_smem_stages; ++iter) {
+      cp_async::pred_load<vec_bits, PrefetchMode::kPrefetch, SharedMemFillMode::kNoFill>(
+          v_smem + (iter * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
+          V + ((indptr[pos] + (iter * bdy + ty)) * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
+          (iter * bdy + ty) < num_index_sets);
+      cp_async::commit_group();
+    }
 #pragma unroll 4
-  for (uint32_t iter = 0; iter < ceil_div(num_index_sets, bdy); ++iter) {
-    if (iter % bdx == 0) {
-      s_smem[ty * bdx + tx] =
-          iter * bdy + (ty * bdx + tx) < num_index_sets
-              ? S[(indptr[pos] + (iter * bdy + ty * bdx + tx)) * num_heads + head_idx]
-              : 0.f;
+    for (uint32_t iter = 0; iter < ceil_div(num_index_sets, bdy); ++iter) {
+      if (iter % bdx == 0) {
+        s_smem[ty * bdx + tx] =
+            iter * bdy + (ty * bdx + tx) < num_index_sets
+                ? S[(indptr[pos] + (iter * bdy + ty * bdx + tx)) * num_heads + head_idx]
+                : 0.f;
+        __syncthreads();
+      }
+      cp_async::wait_group<num_smem_stages - 1>();
       __syncthreads();
+      vec_t<float, vec_size> v;
+      v.cast_load(v_smem + ((iter % num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
+      if (iter * bdy + ty < num_index_sets) {
+        float s = s_smem[(iter % bdx) * bdy + ty];
+        st.merge(v, s, 1);
+      }
+      __syncthreads();
+      cp_async::pred_load<vec_bits, PrefetchMode::kPrefetch, SharedMemFillMode::kNoFill>(
+          v_smem + ((iter % num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
+          V +
+              ((indptr[pos] + ((iter + num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty)) * num_heads + head_idx) *
+                  head_dim +
+              tx * vec_size,
+          (iter + num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty < num_index_sets);
+      cp_async::commit_group();
     }
-    cp_async::wait_group<num_smem_stages - 1>();
-    __syncthreads();
-    vec_t<float, vec_size> v;
-    v.cast_load(v_smem + ((iter % num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
-    if (iter * bdy + ty < num_index_sets) {
-      float s = s_smem[(iter % bdx) * bdy + ty];
-      st.merge(v, s, 1);
-    }
+    cp_async::wait_group<0>();
     __syncthreads();
-    cp_async::pred_load<vec_bits, PrefetchMode::kPrefetch, SharedMemFillMode::kNoFill>(
-        v_smem + ((iter % num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty) * head_dim + tx * vec_size,
-        V +
-            ((indptr[pos] + ((iter + num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty)) * num_heads + head_idx) *
-                head_dim +
-            tx * vec_size,
-        (iter + num_smem_stages) * bdy + ty < num_index_sets);
-    cp_async::commit_group();
-  }
-  cp_async::wait_group<0>();
-  __syncthreads();
 
-  st.normalize();
-  threadblock_sync_state<bdx, bdy, vec_size>(st, v_smem, s_smem);
-  st.normalize();
+    st.normalize();
+    threadblock_sync_state<bdx, bdy, vec_size>(st, v_smem, s_smem);
+    st.normalize();
 
-  st.o.cast_store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
-  if (s_merged != nullptr) {
-    s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = st.get_lse();
+    st.o.cast_store(v_merged + (pos * num_heads + head_idx) * head_dim + tx * vec_size);
+    if (s_merged != nullptr) {
+      s_merged[pos * num_heads + head_idx] = st.get_lse();
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -502,19 +511,29 @@ template <typename DTypeIn, typename DTypeOut, typename IdType>
 cudaError_t VariableLengthMergeStates(DTypeIn* v, float* s, IdType* indptr, DTypeOut* v_merged,
                                       float* s_merged, uint32_t seq_len, uint32_t num_heads,
                                       uint32_t head_dim, cudaStream_t stream = nullptr) {
+  int dev_id = 0;
+  int num_sms = 0;
+  int num_blocks_per_sm = 0;
+  FLASHINFER_CUDA_CALL(cudaGetDevice(&dev_id));
+  FLASHINFER_CUDA_CALL(cudaDeviceGetAttribute(&num_sms, cudaDevAttrMultiProcessorCount, dev_id));
+
   DISPATCH_HEAD_DIM(head_dim, HEAD_DIM, {
     constexpr uint32_t vec_size = std::max(16U / sizeof(DTypeIn), HEAD_DIM / 32U);
     constexpr uint32_t bdx = HEAD_DIM / vec_size;
     constexpr uint32_t num_threads = 128;
     constexpr uint32_t bdy = num_threads / bdx;
-    dim3 nblks(seq_len, num_heads);
-    dim3 nthrs(bdx, bdy);
     constexpr uint32_t num_smem_stages = 4;
-    auto kernel = VariableLengthMergeStatesKernel<vec_size, bdx, bdy, num_smem_stages, DTypeIn,
-                                                  DTypeOut, IdType>;
-    void* args[] = {&v, &s, &indptr, &v_merged, &s_merged, &num_heads};
     uint32_t smem_size =
         num_smem_stages * bdy * head_dim * sizeof(DTypeIn) + num_threads * sizeof(float);
+    auto kernel = PersistentVariableLengthMergeStatesKernel<vec_size, bdx, bdy, num_smem_stages,
+                                                            DTypeIn, DTypeOut, IdType>;
+    FLASHINFER_CUDA_CALL(cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor(&num_blocks_per_sm, kernel,
+                                                                       num_threads, smem_size));
+    num_blocks_per_sm = min(num_blocks_per_sm, ceil_div(seq_len * num_heads, num_sms));
+
+    dim3 nblks(num_sms * num_blocks_per_sm);
+    dim3 nthrs(bdx, bdy);
+    void* args[] = {&v, &s, &indptr, &v_merged, &s_merged, &seq_len, &num_heads};
     FLASHINFER_CUDA_CALL(
         cudaFuncSetAttribute(kernel, cudaFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize, smem_size));
     FLASHINFER_CUDA_CALL(cudaLaunchKernel((void*)kernel, nblks, nthrs, args, smem_size, stream));