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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>Earthquake</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<textarea id="source">
background-image: url('https://www.periodicocentral.mx/2017/images/terremoto85-9.jpg')
background-position: left
background-size: cover
class: left, top
## Puebla-Morelos Earthquake!
### Seismologists and social scientists in conversation
<p style="font-size:15px">Badziai Vitali</p>
<p style="font-size:15px">Mallak Khouloud</p>
<p style="font-size:15px">Martínez-Herrera Gonzalo</p>
<img src="gc_logo.png" width=35% style="float:right; margin: -310px -20px 0px 0px"/>
---
layout: true
background-image: url("concrete-crack-repair.jpg")
background-position: -25%
---
### Contents
* Undergraduate presentation
+ Geological background of Mexico seismicity
+ Review of September 2017 M8.2 and M7.1 earthquakes
+ Social construction of seismic risk in Mexico City
<br>
* Graduate level discussion
+ Reflections on the analysis of earthquakes in Mexico City
+ Complexity and framing of questions: How to integrate natural and social perspectives?
+ Theoretical approaches to risk analysis
---
layout: false
background-image: url('https://i.insider.com/579f9ef9dd089549398b47aa?width=1200')
background-size: cover
class: top, center
# .grey[The nature of earthquakes]
---
background-image: url('Plates_Bord.jpg')
background-size: contain
.center[### The Earth's major lithosphere plates]
---
background-image: url('Conv-Div.jpg')
background-size: contain
.center[
### Cross section showing activity at confergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.]
---
background-image: url('Rates_motion.jpg')
background-size: contain
class: center
### Convergence boundary and plate motion
---
background-image: url('Volc_Distr.jpg')
background-size: contain
### Worldwide distribution of active subaerial volcanoes - Ring of Fire
---
### Seismic profile
<br>
.pull-left[
* Central western Mexico is one of the most complex geotectonic regions of the country.
+ Mexico is located on convergence of several geological structures and atop three plates <sup>1</sup>.
* One of the most seismologically active regions in the world.
]
.pull-right[
<img src="https://tcmam.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/tectonicplates.jpg" style="float:right; margin: -120px 0px 0px 0px"/>
<br>
<img src="geo_stru.png" style="float:right; margin: 50px 24px 0px 0px"/>
]
.footnote[<p style="font-size:15px"> [1] Benz *et al.* 2011.]
---
layout: true
background-image: url("concrete-crack-repair.jpg")
background-position: -25%
---
### Seismic history
Mexico has a long history of destructive earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
<!-- The focal mechanism solutions are predominantly of reverse type at the coast and normal type inland and are attributed to the subduction of the Rivera and Cocos plates under the North America Plate [2]. In the region, low-magnitude earthquakes occur frequently in the form of upper-crust shallow-depth sequences and swarms, which have been associated with the fractured nature of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). -->
<br>
.pull-left[
<table class="table" style="font-size: 12px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption style="font-size: initial !important;">Historic intraslab earthquakes</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:right;"> Earthquake </th>
<th style="text-align:right;"> Year </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 7.7 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1858 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 8.0 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1931 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 7.3 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1973 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 7.0 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1980 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 7.0 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1999 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 7.5 </td>
<td style="text-align:right;width: 8em; "> 1999 </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]
.pull-right[
<img src="mex_earth.png" width= 100% style="float:right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 100px"/>]
---
### September 1985:
<br>
.pull-left[
* 19: M 8.1 earthquake killed more than 10,000 people in Mexico City<sup>1</sup>.
* Subduction fault.
* 21: M 7.5 aftershock .
* Damages due to high plasticity of soil clays <sup>1</sup>.]
.pull-right[
<img src="https://academiadecomunicacion.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/002n1pol-1.jpg"/>]
<p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[Mayoral *et al*., 2019] </p>
---
### 2017 Earthquakes
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[September 7th]
.pull-left[
* Magnitude 8.2 in Chiapas region.
* Occurred within the Cocos plate.
* Strange since this mechanism does not produce large earthquakes.
* Largest earthquake in more than a century.]
.pull-right[
<img src = "lithos.png" width = 100%/>]
<br>
<br>
<p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[[1] Sarlis *et al*., 2018]
]
.panel[.panel-name[September 19th]
.pull-left[
+ Exactly 32 years after 1985 M8.1.
+ Intraslab normal faulting mechanism due to subduction of Cocos plate (Also within the plate).
+ Magnitude 7.1.
+ Affected the states of Puebla, Morelos, and Mexico City.]
<img src="earth_19sep.png" width=50% style="float:right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px"/>
]
.panel[.panel-name[Consequences]
.pull-left[
* 369 deaths.
* Numerous buildings, roads and bridges.]
<img src="earthquakes_pres_files/figure-html/earthquake stats-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
]
---
layout:false
class: inverse
background-image: url("https://i.pinimg.com/736x/a8/57/6a/a8576acaa8b22de82c69a96d73fa16b0--funny-stuff.jpg")
background-size: contain
---
name: history1
layout:false
background-image: url('http://historycollection.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/77465b402167eb302c7641840def2b6b.jpg')
background-size: cover
class: center
.white[*Legacies of colonialism*]
.white[Mexico City was founded over the remnants of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Mexica (Aztec) empire that located in an islet in the Texcoco lake.]
---
name: history2
layout:false
background-image: url("https://uploads6.wikiart.org/images/jose-maria-velasco/vistas-del-valle-de-m-xico.jpg")
background-size: cover
class: center
Spaniards artificially dried the lake changing the physical properties of the soil.
"One of the great ironies of urban history that Mexico City, perhaps the largest city in the word, stand on one of the plant’s most unstable soils <sup>1</sup>.
.left[
.footnote[
<p style="color:white; font-size:15px"> [1] Tobriner in Wisner <i>et. al</i>, 2004 </p>
<p style="color:white; font-size:15px"> José María Velasco, <i>Vistas del Valle de México</i> </p>]]
---
layout: true
background-image: url("concrete-crack-repair.jpg")
background-position: -25%
---
### Making sense of destruction
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[1985]
* High population and soil features of Mexico City.
* Soft soil experienced more acceleration than rock outcrop.
* 8 % soft-story
<img src="geozones.png" width=30% style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 180px"/>
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[[1] Mayoral <i>et al.</i>, 2019.</p>] -->
]
.panel[.panel-name[2017]
* Location on soft soils or transition zones (zones II and III).
* Location of building on the streets.
* More than 50 % of collapsed buildings had soft-stories.
* Parking lots beneath the ground and masonry to support the walls.
<img src="col_map.png" width=48% style="float:right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px"/>
<img src="soft_story.png" style="float:right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px"/>
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[[1] Jara <i>et al</i>, 2019.</p>] -->
]
]
---
### The social in the natural
<br>
+ Introduction to the concept of vulenerability, resilience, and risk.
+ Mitigation measures through contextual analysis and politics.
---
### Defining vulnerability
<br>
* "The characteristics of a person or group and their situation that influence their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of natural hazard (an extreme natural event or process)” <sup>1</sup>.
* Vulnerability can be measured in terms of damage to future impact on people’s access to resources, their abilities to foster coping mechanisms to recover from the disruption a natural hazard has caused their livelihoods.
* Vulnerability includes, but is not limited to, the measurable quantifiable damage of property and life at the time of the disaster.
* Vulnerability from natural hazards is not synonymous to poverty, although both are evidently closely related.
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
.footnote[<p style="font-size:15px"> [1] Wisner *et.al*, 2004]
---
class: middle center
# Determinants of Vulnerabilities for earthquakes
---
### The location of the earthquake
Micro-geographies and urban morphology: factored into seismic risk
* The population density of areas impacted by 2017 earthquake is a question of political economy
* The process of de-industrialization (following the world trade agreement in 1988) are key pillars for understanding the change in the urban morphology of Mexico City between 1985 and 2017 earthquakes and the increase in population of the city.
* Bando Dos, an urban development policy was introduced in 2000, and it and aimed at re-densifying the city as a means to Mexico City’s ‘urban development’.
70% of the destroyed building are residential buildings <sup>1</sup>.
<p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[[1] Montejano-Castillo and Moreno-Villanueva]</p>
---
class:center middle
Visualize Mexico City's development in [this site](https://earthengine.google.com/timelapse#v=19.43259,-99.1332,8.642,latLng&t=1.08&ps=25&bt=19840101&et=20181231&startDwell=0&endDwell=0) from google timelapse.
.pull-left[
### 1985
<img src="cdmx85.png" width=100% style="float:right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px"/>]
.pull-right[
### 2018
<img src="cdmx2018.png" width=100% style="float:right; margin: 0px -20px 0px 0px"/>]
---
### The temporal characteristics of the Earhtquake
* The season, the time of the day, and year, and their resemblance to the context specific type of human activities taking place.
* Gender norms and division of labor determine where people are during the occurrence of the earthquake and what activities they are engaged in.
<p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[Alvarez-Diez, 2018]</p>
---
### The Characteristics of the buildings
Shape, siting, building material, construction details of buildings
* After the 1985 earthquake, the Mexican state introduced several regulation on buildings structure and architecture.
* Post-disaster assessments indicate that the collapsed building were those recently constructed (9 months to 12 years) and some were not inhabited.
* Construction and architectural technologies designed to mitigate seismic vulnerabilities in buildings in the city remain inadequate without addressing issues related to general economic policies, urban development, and governance.
---
### The Characteristics of the buildings
<br>
* Delays in the finalizations of the regulations of the re-densification policies in Mexico City resulted in ill-managed and spatially unregulated distribution of the construction of new buildings.
* The differential success of these construction projects meant that a number of them were not inhabited. The relation between the use of a building and its continued maintenance is also related to the ownership of the building (private or public) and the state regulation, their efficiency, implementation, and degree of enforceability.
* *Bando Dos* regulation failed to attract residents after a relatively short time of success due to high prices. Rents in the city could play a role in the degree to which structure are maintained. The regulation of property ownership and rental regulations as well as the culturally specific relationship to ‘house/home’ are inseparable form questions of maintenance and resilience of buildings.
<br>
<br>
.footnote[<p style="font-size:15px"> Montejano-Castillo and Moreno-Villanueva]
---
### Features of collapsed buildings
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Collapsed buildings]
<img src="earthquakes_pres_files/figure-html/collapsed buildings-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[Galvis *et al.* 2020.]</p> -->
]
.panel[.panel-name[Damaged buildings]
<!-- * Total 284 buildings. -->
<img src="earthquakes_pres_files/figure-html/damaged buildings-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[[1] Jara *et al.* 2019.]</p> -->
]
]
---
<br>
.center[
<img src="https://corprensa-la-prensa-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/cubR7UgvGPyGe5aXy_Qyfg2BDos=/fit-in/1000x1000/smart/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-corprensa.s3.amazonaws.com/public/HQJQU6JZRNCLJG7GTBPMX33KDI.jpg" />]
---
### Risk
* Response to disasters are directly related to the science of risk, risk perception, and risk mitigation.
* Contemporary uses of the term risk pertain to precision, calculability, and control in modern era <sup>1</sup>.
* The idea of controllability of risk and environment echoes underlying rationales of the modernization theory.
* Considers the human as an actor on environment rather than within it.
* Overlooks the collective, context specific response to risks and disasters that are far more related to broader systems of meaning in a society than to individual/Psychological calculation <sup>2</sup>.
.footnote[
<p style="font-size:15px">[1] Bernstein, 1998; Douglas 1992; Joffe 1999 </p>
<p style="font-size:15px">[2] Joffe and O’Connor, 2013
]
---
### Resilience
* Response to emergencies is necessarily related to multitude of psychological factors but also of social and cultural ones.
* Despite extensive critiques to the modern science of risk, risk mitigation measures and attempts to enhance ‘resilience’ of communities against disasters, these measures often overlook means of adaptation and resilience adopted by population living in disaster-prone locations <sup>1</sup>.
.footnote[
<p style="font-size:15px">[1] Wisner et al., 2004 </p>]
---
layout: false
class: middle, center
<!-- ### References -->
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px"> -->
<!-- Benz, H.M., Dart, R.L., Villaseñor, Antonio, Hayes, G.P., Tarr, A.C., Furlong, K.P., and Rhea, Susan, 2011, Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010 Mexico and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010–1083-F, scale 1:8,000,000. </p> -->
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px"> -->
<!-- Franke *et al*. 2019. Observed building damage patterns and foundation perfomance in Mexico CIty following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake. <i>Soild Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 125(105708)</i> </p> -->
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px"> -->
<!-- Mayoral *et al*, 2019. The september 19, 2017 M 7.1 Puebla-Mexico city earthquake: important findings from the field</p> -->
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px"> -->
<!-- Galvis *et al.* 2020. Overview of collapse buildings in Mexico City after September 2017 (M<sub>w</sub> 7.1) earthquake</p> -->
<!-- <p style="font-size:15px"> -->
<!-- Sarlis N. *et al*. 2019. Natural time analysis: On the deadly Mexico M8.2 earthquake on 7 September 2017. <i>Physica A. (506)</i>:625-634. </p> -->
<!-- --- -->
# Graduate level discussion
---
layout: true
background-image: url("concrete-crack-repair.jpg")
background-position: -25%
---
name: Cartesian
### Cartesian system
Reponsible of the externalization of nature.
Mechanistic vision of organisms (control, extrapolation).
<img src="cuerpo.jpg" width= "40%" align="right"/>
<br>
<br>
.center[
Nature / Society
Body / Mind
]
???
* The origin of the dualism in science dates back to Rene Descartes, who is...
* This system, between other things proposes...
---
name:Consequences
### Consequences
.pull-left[
* The dualist Nature/Society model has dominated scientific thought (classic physics mainly).
* Incapacity to understand modern complex problems, their origins, and their trends.
* The use of mechinistic analogies obsecure limit the understanding of biological systems¹.
* Key word: **interaction**.
.footnote[<p style="font-size:15px">[1] Lewontin y Levins. 2007. *Are we programmed?* </p>
<p style="font-size:15px">[2] Ingold. 2011. *When ANT meets SPIDER: Social theory for arthropods*]</p>
]
.pull-right[<img src="ingold_net.png" width="200%")/>
<p style="font-size:13px">[2]</p>]
???
* El dualismo Cartesiano ha impactado de manera profunda en el desarrollo de la ciencia a través de un pensamiento reduccionista que considera que es posible entender el todo a partir del estudio de las partes.
* Analogía del cuerpo como un reloj, o de una computadora (cerebro) a partir del desarrollo de la era digital.
* El desarrollo de ramas que, si bien reconocen la importancia del ambiente en los probeblas sociales, no la integran adecuadamente en la práctica.
* Lo anterior se refleja en la idea de la interacción, la cual ocurre en elementos necesariamente separados.
---
### Environmental determinism
<br>
* Naturalist/physicalist approach: *Nature* forces are the cause of disasters
* Interpretations of nature do not recognize the diversity of *interactions* with it.
* Bounded rationality:
+ Based on foundations of Modernization theory
+ Linear evolution of society and economy.
+ Technological solutions.
* Reflects Cartesian division Nature/Society
---
### Political Ecology
* Stems from political economy.
* Opposes to the modernization theory.
* Systems perspective as a mean to analyze disasters.
Limitations:
* Does not explain how systems and their subsequent widespread conditions (such as poverty and displacement for example) translated into particular forms of vulnerabilities at times of natural hazards occurrence.
* Emphasis on the political analysis a the cost of superficial ecological analysis.
---
name: Arithmetic
### Green arithmetic
Unable to analytically synthesize society **in** nature.
.pull-left[
`\(Nature + Society\)`
* Politcal Ecology
* Environmental History
* Environmental Sociology
* Ecological Economy
* Environmental Anthropology
* Systems Ecology]
<br>
.center[
.bottom[<img src="nat-soc.jpg" width= "500"/>]]
<p style="font-size:15px">.footnote[Moore, 2015]</p>
???
* Pueden tener una premisa filosófica que parta de la indivisibilidad de la sociedad y la naturaleza, pero en la práctica esto no ha sido implementado.
---
### Environmetal History (World-Ecology Synthesis)
* A framework proposal to surpass the Nature/Society division.
* Dialectics: Emphasis on the relationships instead of things
* *Oikeios*: The relationship between an organism and its environment.
+ Gives rise to diverse configurations of relationships
+ Historical perspective: History is made by *how* the environment configure with social processess.
???
*Oikeios*: The relationship between an organism and its environment. Gives rise to diverse configurations of relationships
How many ways the inorganic elements configure with the biological and social elements and processes.
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