A collection of interactive reference documents for common components, modules, and kits frequently used to build various project circuits. This repository provides detailed information such as datasheets, usage guides, design alternatives, customizations, and much more.
The ComponentsGuide repository is designed as a comprehensive reference for electronics hobbyists, engineers, and makers. Whether you're working on embedded systems, IoT projects, or circuit designs, you'll find the following information for each component, module, or kit:
- 📑 Datasheets: Access official datasheets with technical specifications.
- 🔄 Alternatives: Explore compatible alternatives and replacement components.
- 🛠️ How to Use: Step-by-step guides for incorporating components into real-world circuits.
- 🧰 Modules & Kits: Tutorials and overviews on popular development kits and sensor modules.
- ⚡ Proteus Simulations: Ready-to-use Proteus simulation files for testing and validation.
- 📐 3D CAD Models: 3D CAD files for precise design and modeling (where applicable).
- Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors
- Microcontrollers (ATmega, ESP32)
- Displays (Seven-Segment, LCD, Dot Matrix)
- Sensors (DHT11, DHT22, LM35, Gas, Vibration)
- Shift Registers (74HC595)
- Motor Drivers (L298N, L293D, ULN2003)
- Motors (DC, Stepper, Servo)
- Relays, Switches
- Buzzers, Sounders
- Power Supplies, LEDs, Modules
Electronics symbols are graphical representations of components used in circuit diagrams or schematics. These symbols help convey the function and connection of components in a standardized, easy-to-understand way. By using these symbols, engineers and technicians can communicate complex circuit designs without needing to describe each component in detail.
This guide introduces some of the most common electronics symbols used in circuit diagrams.
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Understanding the fundamental formulas in electronics is crucial for analyzing and designing circuits. Below is a table summarizing some of the most important formulas used in electronics along with their explanations.
| Formula | Description |
|---|---|
| Ohm's Law | ( V = I \times R ) |
| Relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R). | |
| Power | ( P = V \times I ) |
| Calculates electrical power (P) in watts based on voltage (V) and current (I). | |
| Resistance in Series | ( R_{\text{total}} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + ... ) |
| Total resistance (R_total) in a series circuit is the sum of individual resistances. | |
| Resistance in Parallel | ( \frac{1}{R_{\text{total}}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3} + ... ) |
| Total resistance (R_total) in a parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals. | |
| Voltage Divider | ( V_{\text{out}} = V_{\text{in}} \times \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} ) |
| Calculates output voltage (V_out) in a voltage divider circuit with resistors R1 and R2. | |
| Current Divider | ( I_{\text{out}} = I_{\text{in}} \times \frac{R_{\text{total}}}{R_n} ) |
| Determines output current (I_out) in a current divider circuit based on input current (I_in) and resistances. | |
| Capacitance Charge | ( Q = C \times V ) |
| Relates charge (Q) on a capacitor to its capacitance (C) and voltage (V). | |
| Inductive Reactance | ( X_L = 2\pi f L ) |
| Calculates the inductive reactance (X_L) in ohms for a coil with inductance (L) at frequency (f). | |
| Capacitive Reactance | ( X_C = \frac{1}{2\pi f C} ) |
| Calculates the capacitive reactance (X_C) in ohms for a capacitor with capacitance (C) at frequency (f). | |
| Total Impedance in Series | ( Z_{\text{total}} = R + jX ) |
| Total impedance (Z_total) in a series circuit, where j is the imaginary unit and X is the reactance. | |
| Total Impedance in Parallel | ( \frac{1}{Z_{\text{total}}} = \frac{1}{Z_1} + \frac{1}{Z_2} + \frac{1}{Z_3} + ... ) |
| Total impedance (Z_total) in a parallel circuit. |
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Color codes are used on various electronic components, most notably resistors, capacitors, and inductors, to indicate their value, tolerance, and other important specifications. This system allows for easy identification of component ratings in compact formats. Below is a guide to understanding how to interpret color codes for these components.
Resistors often use a series of colored bands to represent their resistance value and tolerance. The most common scheme is the 4-band and 5-band color code system.
The 4-band code is the simplest and consists of:
- Band 1: First significant digit
- Band 2: Second significant digit
- Band 3: Multiplier (number of zeros)
- Band 4: Tolerance
| Color | Digit | Multiplier | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | 0 | 1 | |
| Brown | 1 | 10 | ±1% |
| Red | 2 | 100 | ±2% |
| Orange | 3 | 1,000 | |
| Yellow | 4 | 10,000 | |
| Green | 5 | 100,000 | ±0.5% |
| Blue | 6 | 1,000,000 | ±0.25% |
| Violet | 7 | 10,000,000 | ±0.1% |
| Gray | 8 | ±0.05% | |
| White | 9 | ||
| Gold | 0.1 | ±5% | |
| Silver | 0.01 | ±10% |
The 5-band code is used for more precise resistors, and the format is:
- Band 1: First significant digit
- Band 2: Second significant digit
- Band 3: Third significant digit
- Band 4: Multiplier
- Band 5: Tolerance
| Color | Digit | Multiplier | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Same as 4-band for digits and multiplier, additional third significant digit. |
Capacitors may also use color codes to indicate their capacitance value and tolerance, though the system is less commonly used today due to the shift to printed markings.
| Color | Digit | Multiplier (pF) | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | 0 | 1 | ±20% |
| Brown | 1 | 10 | ±1% |
| Red | 2 | 100 | ±2% |
| Orange | 3 | 1,000 | ±0.5% |
| Yellow | 4 | 10,000 | ±0.25% |
| Green | 5 | 100,000 | ±0.1% |
| Blue | 6 | 1,000,000 | ±0.05% |
| Violet | 7 | ||
| Gray | 8 | ||
| White | 9 |
- First Band: Represents the first digit.
- Second Band: Represents the second digit.
- Third Band: Represents the multiplier.
- Fourth Band: Represents tolerance.
Inductors can also use a similar system to resistors, with color bands representing inductance values (in microhenries, μH) and tolerance.
| Color | Digit | Multiplier | Tolerance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black | 0 | 1 | |
| Brown | 1 | 10 | ±1% |
| Red | 2 | 100 | ±2% |
| Orange | 3 | 1,000 | |
| Yellow | 4 | 10,000 | |
| Green | 5 | 100,000 | ±0.5% |
| Blue | 6 | 1,000,000 | ±0.25% |
| Violet | 7 | 10,000,000 | ±0.1% |
| Gray | 8 | ±0.05% | |
| White | 9 | ||
| Gold | 0.1 | ±5% | |
| Silver | 0.01 | ±10% |
Some other passive components like diodes and varistors may also utilize color codes, though they are often indicated with simpler markings or are directly printed with their values.
To quickly decode resistor or capacitor values based on their color bands, you can use the following online tools:
- Resistor Color Code Calculator: Input color bands to find the resistance value.
- Capacitor Code Calculator: Calculate capacitance based on code.
The color code system is a quick and effective way to identify the values of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. By understanding the meaning of each color band, engineers and hobbyists can easily determine the component's ratings without needing additional tools. These color codes remain essential knowledge for anyone working with electronic components.
Electronic component packages define the physical size and form of components and how they are mounted on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Packages can be either Through-Hole or Surface-Mount types, each serving specific purposes based on the application.
The following table showcases common electronic component packages along with their examples and use cases.
| Package Type | Package Name | Description | Example | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🛠 Through-Hole (THT) | DIP (Dual In-line Package) | Rectangular package with parallel rows of pins. | 555 Timer IC (DIP-8) |
Used in ICs, microcontrollers. |
| 🛠 Through-Hole (THT) | TO (Transistor Outline) | Package for transistors and power semiconductors. | 7805 Voltage Regulator (TO-220) |
Used in power transistors, regulators. |
| 🛠 Through-Hole (THT) | Metal Can (TO-18, TO-39) | Cylindrical package for small signal transistors. | 2N2222 NPN Transistor (TO-18) |
Durable, used in high-reliability apps. |
| 🧩 Surface-Mount (SMD) | SOIC (Small Outline IC) | Smaller, surface-mount version of DIP with two parallel rows of pins. | ATmega328 Microcontroller (SOIC-28) |
Used in space-constrained designs. |
| 🧩 Surface-Mount (SMD) | SOT (Small Outline Transistor) | Compact package for transistors and diodes. | BC547B NPN Transistor (SOT-23) |
Used in low-power transistors, diodes. |
| 🧩 Surface-Mount (SMD) | QFN (Quad Flat No-lead) | Flat, square package with electrical connections on the underside. | MPU-6050 Gyroscope (QFN-24) |
MEMS sensors, RF ICs, microcontrollers. |
| 💡 Optoelectronic | LED Package (5mm, SMD) | LEDs available in various sizes including through-hole and surface-mount (SMD). | 5mm Red LED |
Indicator lights, displays, lighting. |
| 💡 Optoelectronic | Photodiode Package | Available in through-hole and surface-mount for detecting light. | BPW34 Photodiode (THT) |
Light sensing, communication circuits. |
| ⚙️ Chip Packages | QFP (Quad Flat Package) | Flat package with leads on all four sides. | STM32F103 Microcontroller (QFP-64) |
Common in microcontrollers, DSPs. |
| ⚙️ Chip Packages | TSOP (Thin Small Outline) | Thin version of SOIC, mainly used for memory chips. | NOR Flash Memory (TSOP-48) |
Used in Flash memory, EEPROMs. |
| ⚙️ Chip Packages | BGA (Ball Grid Array) | A package with an array of solder balls for connections. | Raspberry Pi SoC (BGA) |
Used in high-end processors, FPGAs. |
Electronic component packages are crucial for determining how components are mounted and their functionality in different environments. By understanding the differences between Through-Hole, Surface-Mount, and Chip Packages, engineers can optimize their designs for the best performance, assembly, and heat dissipation.
For each component, you will find a markdown document with:
- Pinout diagrams
- Connection guides
- Usage instructions
- Example circuits
- Simulation files (Proteus, Fritzing, etc.) where applicable.
Exp. 1: 8051 LED This experiment demonstrates how to blink an LED using the 8051 microcontroller. |
Exp. 2: Push Button Interfacing Learn how to interface a push button with the 8051 to control outputs. |
Exp. 3: Seven Segment Display Discover how to interface and display numbers on a seven-segment display. |
 8051 LED |
 8051 Push Button |
8051 Stepper Motor |
8051 LCD |
| 8051 LED control using Assembly | Interfacing push button with 8051 | Stepper motor control using 8051 | Interfacing LCD with 8051 for display |
 8051 Calculator |
RTC DS1307 Module |
Seven-Segment Display |
 DC Motor |
| Simple calculator using 8051 in Assembly | Real-Time Clock module with 8051 | Display digits on SSD with 8051 | There are several ways we can control a DC motor, perhaps the easiest one is just by applying power to it. Very early inventions using the DC motor simply worked like that: add a power source and the motor will start rotating, switch the polarity and you switch the direction. |