[gopls-release-branch.0.15] gopls/internal/cache: avoid panic when the primary diagnostic is broken

If the primary diagnostic has invalid position information (due to a bug
in the parser or AST fix logic), gopls may panics when linking primary
and related information. Avoid this panic.

Updates golang/go#66731
Updates golang/go#66730

Change-Id: Ie2f95d158a1c93d00603a7ce4d38d8097bd8cb08
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/tools/+/577259
LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit f41d27e)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/tools/+/577303
Auto-Submit: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>

Author: findleyr

gopls/internal/cache/check.go

@@ -1936,7 +1936,10 @@ func typeErrorsToDiagnostics(pkg *syntaxPackage, errs []types.Error, linkTarget
 			// This is because go/types assumes that errors are read top-down, such as
 			// in the cycle error "A refers to...". The structure of the secondary
 			// error set likely only makes sense for the primary error.
-			if i > 0 {
+			//
+			// NOTE: len(diags) == 0 if the primary diagnostic has invalid positions.
+			// See also golang/go#66731.
+			if i > 0 && len(diags) > 0 {
 				primary := diags[0]
 				primary.Related = append(primary.Related, protocol.DiagnosticRelatedInformation{
 					Location: protocol.Location{URI: diag.URI, Range: diag.Range},