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Active & Passive Filter Design

📌 Project Overview

This project focuses on the design and implementation of Active and Passive Filters using Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) and passive components in Analog Electronics. The primary goal is to enhance signal processing by selectively allowing desired frequency components while attenuating unwanted noise.

🎯 Objectives

  • Design and analyze Low-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, and Band-Stop filters using both active and passive components.
  • Optimize filter performance based on cutoff frequency, gain, and quality factor (Q-factor).
  • Implement and test the circuit using LTSpice for simulation and hardware prototypes.

🔧 Components & Tools

Hardware:

  • Operational Amplifiers (TL074, LM741, or equivalent)
  • Resistors and Capacitors (selected based on filter specifications)
  • Inductors (for passive filter design)
  • DC Power Supply
  • Function Generator
  • Oscilloscope
  • Breadboard & Connecting Wires

Software:

  • LTSpice (for circuit simulation)

🔍 Filter Design Considerations

  • Filter Type: Active vs. Passive
  • Filter Order: Determines the sharpness of the cutoff.
  • Cutoff Frequency (fc): Defines the boundary between passband and stopband.
  • Gain (Av): Controls signal amplification in active filters.
  • Q-Factor: Impacts selectivity in Band-Pass and Band-Stop filters.

⚙️ Circuit Implementations

  1. Low-Pass Filter (LPF) – Allows low frequencies and attenuates high frequencies.
  2. High-Pass Filter (HPF) – Allows high frequencies and attenuates low frequencies.
  3. Band-Pass Filter (BPF) – Passes frequencies within a specific range.
  4. Band-Stop Filter (BSF) – Attenuates a specific frequency band while passing others.

📊 Simulation & Results

  • Frequency Response (Bode Plot) comparison with theoretical values.
  • Phase Response Analysis.
  • Practical implementation vs. simulated results using LTSpice.

🏆 Key Learnings & Challenges

  • Effects of real-world components on filter performance.
  • Importance of Op-Amp selection in active filter stability.
  • Noise considerations and mitigation techniques.
  • Differences in performance between active and passive filters.

📜 References

  • Texas Instruments Op-Amp Application Notes

🤝 Contributors

  • Saivarshith Mitukula

📩 Contact

For any queries, feel free to reach out via [saivarshith.mitukula@gmail.com] or connect on [LinkedIn].