datasciencerb.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# daru + rbplotly + statsample のデモ\n",
    "\n",
    "https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/wine\n",
    "←このデータから、赤ワインの評価と白ワインの評価に差があるかを調べる"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "true"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "require 'daru'\n",
    "require 'rbplotly'\n",
    "require 'daru/plotly'\n",
    "require 'statsample'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## csvを読み込む"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "    <th colspan='14'>Daru::DataFrame(10x13)</th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>type</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>fixed acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>volatile acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>citric acid</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>residual sugar</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>chlorides</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>free sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>total sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>density</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>pH</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>sulphates</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>alcohol</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>quality</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.076</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.88</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.098</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>25</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>67</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9968</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.68</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.76</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.04</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.092</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>54</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.997</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.26</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.65</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.28</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.075</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>17</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>60</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.998</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.16</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.58</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.076</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.66</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.075</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>13</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>40</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.06</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.069</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>59</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9964</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.46</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.65</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.065</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>21</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9946</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.39</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.47</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.58</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.02</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.073</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>18</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9968</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.57</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.071</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>17</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>102</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.35</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "</table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "#<Daru::DataFrame(10x13)>\n",
       "                  type fixed acid volatile a citric aci residual s  chlorides free sulfu total sulf    density         pH  sulphates    alcohol    quality\n",
       "          0        red        7.4        0.7          0        1.9      0.076         11         34     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          1        red        7.8       0.88          0        2.6      0.098         25         67     0.9968        3.2       0.68        9.8          5\n",
       "          2        red        7.8       0.76       0.04        2.3      0.092         15         54      0.997       3.26       0.65        9.8          5\n",
       "          3        red       11.2       0.28       0.56        1.9      0.075         17         60      0.998       3.16       0.58        9.8          6\n",
       "          4        red        7.4        0.7          0        1.9      0.076         11         34     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          5        red        7.4       0.66          0        1.8      0.075         13         40     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          6        red        7.9        0.6       0.06        1.6      0.069         15         59     0.9964        3.3       0.46        9.4          5\n",
       "          7        red        7.3       0.65          0        1.2      0.065         15         21     0.9946       3.39       0.47         10          7\n",
       "          8        red        7.8       0.58       0.02          2      0.073          9         18     0.9968       3.36       0.57        9.5          7\n",
       "          9        red        7.5        0.5       0.36        6.1      0.071         17        102     0.9978       3.35        0.8       10.5          5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wine = Daru::DataFrame.from_csv('./winequality-both.csv')\n",
    "wine.head 10 # 最初の10行を表示"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 赤ワインと白ワインを分ける"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[\"red\", \"white\"]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wine['type'].uniq.to_a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "    <th colspan='14'>Daru::DataFrame(10x13)</th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>type</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>fixed acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>volatile acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>citric acid</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>residual sugar</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>chlorides</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>free sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>total sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>density</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>pH</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>sulphates</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>alcohol</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>quality</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.076</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.88</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.098</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>25</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>67</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9968</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.68</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.76</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.04</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.092</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>54</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.997</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.26</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.65</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.28</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.075</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>17</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>60</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.998</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.16</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.58</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.076</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.66</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.075</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>13</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>40</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.51</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.56</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.06</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.069</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>59</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9964</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.46</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.65</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.065</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>15</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>21</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9946</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.39</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.47</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.58</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.02</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.073</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>18</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9968</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.57</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>red</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.071</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>17</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>102</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9978</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.35</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "</table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "#<Daru::DataFrame(10x13)>\n",
       "                  type fixed acid volatile a citric aci residual s  chlorides free sulfu total sulf    density         pH  sulphates    alcohol    quality\n",
       "          0        red        7.4        0.7          0        1.9      0.076         11         34     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          1        red        7.8       0.88          0        2.6      0.098         25         67     0.9968        3.2       0.68        9.8          5\n",
       "          2        red        7.8       0.76       0.04        2.3      0.092         15         54      0.997       3.26       0.65        9.8          5\n",
       "          3        red       11.2       0.28       0.56        1.9      0.075         17         60      0.998       3.16       0.58        9.8          6\n",
       "          4        red        7.4        0.7          0        1.9      0.076         11         34     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          5        red        7.4       0.66          0        1.8      0.075         13         40     0.9978       3.51       0.56        9.4          5\n",
       "          6        red        7.9        0.6       0.06        1.6      0.069         15         59     0.9964        3.3       0.46        9.4          5\n",
       "          7        red        7.3       0.65          0        1.2      0.065         15         21     0.9946       3.39       0.47         10          7\n",
       "          8        red        7.8       0.58       0.02          2      0.073          9         18     0.9968       3.36       0.57        9.5          7\n",
       "          9        red        7.5        0.5       0.36        6.1      0.071         17        102     0.9978       3.35        0.8       10.5          5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "reds = wine.where(wine['type'].eq('red'))\n",
    "reds.head 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "    <th colspan='14'>Daru::DataFrame(10x13)</th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>type</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>fixed acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>volatile acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>citric acid</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>residual sugar</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>chlorides</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>free sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>total sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>density</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>pH</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>sulphates</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>alcohol</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>quality</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1599</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.27</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>20.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.045</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>45</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>170</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.001</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.45</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1600</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.049</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>14</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>132</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.994</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.49</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1601</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.28</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.05</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>30</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>97</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9951</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.26</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.44</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1602</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.23</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.32</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.058</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>47</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>186</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9956</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1603</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.23</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.32</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.058</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>47</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>186</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9956</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1604</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.28</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.9</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.05</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>30</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>97</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9951</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.26</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.44</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1605</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.2</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.32</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.16</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.045</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>30</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>136</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9949</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.18</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.47</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1606</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.27</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.36</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>20.7</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.045</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>45</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>170</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.001</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.45</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.8</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1607</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.34</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.049</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>14</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>132</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.994</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.3</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.49</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>9.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>1608</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>white</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>8.1</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.22</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.43</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.044</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>28</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>129</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9938</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>3.22</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.45</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>11</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>6</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "</table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "#<Daru::DataFrame(10x13)>\n",
       "                  type fixed acid volatile a citric aci residual s  chlorides free sulfu total sulf    density         pH  sulphates    alcohol    quality\n",
       "       1599      white          7       0.27       0.36       20.7      0.045         45        170      1.001          3       0.45        8.8          6\n",
       "       1600      white        6.3        0.3       0.34        1.6      0.049         14        132      0.994        3.3       0.49        9.5          6\n",
       "       1601      white        8.1       0.28        0.4        6.9       0.05         30         97     0.9951       3.26       0.44       10.1          6\n",
       "       1602      white        7.2       0.23       0.32        8.5      0.058         47        186     0.9956       3.19        0.4        9.9          6\n",
       "       1603      white        7.2       0.23       0.32        8.5      0.058         47        186     0.9956       3.19        0.4        9.9          6\n",
       "       1604      white        8.1       0.28        0.4        6.9       0.05         30         97     0.9951       3.26       0.44       10.1          6\n",
       "       1605      white        6.2       0.32       0.16          7      0.045         30        136     0.9949       3.18       0.47        9.6          6\n",
       "       1606      white          7       0.27       0.36       20.7      0.045         45        170      1.001          3       0.45        8.8          6\n",
       "       1607      white        6.3        0.3       0.34        1.6      0.049         14        132      0.994        3.3       0.49        9.5          6\n",
       "       1608      white        8.1       0.22       0.43        1.5      0.044         28        129     0.9938       3.22       0.45         11          6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "whites = wine.where(wine['type'].eq 'white')\n",
    "whites.head 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## qualityのヒストグラムを書く"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "include Daru::Plotly::Methods # plot, generate_data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "  <script>\n",
       "  requirejs.config({paths: { 'plotly': ['https://cdn.plot.ly/plotly-latest.min'] }})\n",
       "  </script>\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"3eb96229-8bc7-4141-8717-95552ca71354\" style=\"height: 100%; width: 100%;\"></div>\n",
       "\n",
       "<script>\n",
       " require(['plotly'], function(Plotly) { \n",
       "Plotly.newPlot(\n",
       "  '3eb96229-8bc7-4141-8717-95552ca71354',\n",
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5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 8, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 8, 6, 8, 5, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 7, 8, 5, 5, 8, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 4, 6, 7, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 7, 7, 5, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 5, 4, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 6, 8, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 8, 7, 5, 7, 7, 5, 5, 6, 8, 8, 6, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 5, 7, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 8, 6, 5, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4, 6, 8, 6, 6, 5, 8, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 6, 5, 5, 8, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 7, 5, 8, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 8, 8, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 8, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 3, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 4, 7, 8, 5, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 8, 8, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 8, 6, 3, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 4, 8, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 8, 5, 7, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 3, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 5, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 3, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 4, 6, 7, 5, 8, 8, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 8, 6, 6, 7, 8, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 8, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 8, 6, 8, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 8, 7, 6, 7, 8, 5, 8, 7, 8, 7, 6, 6, 6, 8, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 5, 7, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 4, 7, 5, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 6, 4, 6, 8, 8, 7, 8, 5, 7, 6, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 7, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 8, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 8, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 8, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 7, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 5, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 4, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 8, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 8, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 7, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5, 7, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 7, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 7, 7, 5, 6, 5, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 7, 8, 8, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 7, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 7, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6], :type=>:histogram, :name=>\"white\", :marker=>{:color=>\"white\"}}], @layout={:paper_bgcolor=>\"silver\", :plot_bgcolor=>\"silver\", :font=>{:color=>\"white\"}}, @config={:linkText=>\"Export to plot.ly\", :showLink=>true}, @embedded=true>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "#<CZTop::Socket::PUB:0x5651b1889ed0 last_endpoint=\"tcp://127.0.0.1:60555\">"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "red_qualities = generate_data(reds['quality'], type: :histogram, opts: { name: 'red', marker: { color: '#80273F' } })\n",
    "white_qualities = generate_data(whites['quality'], type: :histogram, opts: { name: 'white', marker: { color: 'white' }})\n",
    "Plotly::Plot.new(\n",
    "  data: red_qualities + white_qualities,\n",
    "  layout: { paper_bgcolor: 'silver', plot_bgcolor: 'silver', font: { color: 'white' } }\n",
    ").show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "↑　なんとなく違いがありそう"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.6360225140712945"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "reds['quality'].mean # 平均値"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.87790935075541"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "whites['quality'].mean"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "平均値を見ると、白ワインの方が評価が高いように見える。\n",
    "\n",
    "たまたま高くなっただけじゃないのか？ → t検定で検証する"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## t検定\n",
    "\n",
    "t検定: ２つの数値の集合があるとき、それらの平均値の違いに意味があるかどうか検証する手法\n",
    "\n",
    "赤ワインと白ワインの `quality` の平均値に差があるのか仮説検定する。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:291.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:292.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:51.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:51.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#only_valid is deprecated; use reject_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#only_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:60.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#only_valid is deprecated; use reject_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#only_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:60.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#only_valid is deprecated; use reject_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#only_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:71.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#only_valid is deprecated; use reject_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#only_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/levene.rb:71.\n",
      "/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/distribution-0.7.3/lib/distribution/math_extension/incomplete_beta.rb:14: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:267.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:267.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:269.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:269.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:271.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:271.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:272.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:272.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:281.\n",
      "NOTE: Daru::Vector#n_valid is deprecated; use count_values instead. It will be removed on or after 2016-10-01.\n",
      "Daru::Vector#n_valid called from /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.4.0/gems/statsample-2.0.2/lib/statsample/test/t.rb:282.\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Analysis 2017-05-22 16:20:08 +0000\n",
      "= Statsample::Test::T\n",
      "  == Two Sample T Test\n",
      "    Mean and standard deviation\n",
      "+----------+--------+--------+------+\n",
      "| Variable |  mean  |   sd   |  n   |\n",
      "+----------+--------+--------+------+\n",
      "| quality  | 5.6360 | 0.8076 | 1599 |\n",
      "| quality  | 5.8779 | 0.8856 | 4898 |\n",
      "+----------+--------+--------+------+\n",
      "\n",
      "    Levene test for equality of variances : F(1, 6495) = 0.6213 , p = 0.4306\n",
      "    T statistics\n",
      "+--------------------+----------+-----------+----------------+\n",
      "|        Type        |    t     |    df     | p (both tails) |\n",
      "+--------------------+----------+-----------+----------------+\n",
      "| Equal variance     | -9.6856  | 6495      | 0.0000         |\n",
      "| Non equal variance | -10.1494 | 2950.7505 | 0.0000         |\n",
      "+--------------------+----------+-----------+----------------+\n",
      "\n",
      "    Effect size\n",
      "+-------+---------+\n",
      "| x1-x2 | -0.2419 |\n",
      "| d     | -0.2599 |\n",
      "+-------+---------+\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Statsample::Analysis.store(Statsample::Test::T) do\n",
    "  t = Statsample::Test.t_two_samples_independent(reds['quality'], whites['quality'])\n",
    "  summary t\n",
    "end\n",
    "Statsample::Analysis.run_batch"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "p値が十分小さい（p = 0.0000）ので、統計的に有意な差がある　→　白ワインの方が総じて評価が高い\n",
    "\n",
    "※あくまでこのデータからは有意な差があるというだけ"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 結構使えるのでは？\n",
    "\n",
    "だいたいのことができますが、まだ不十分なところもあります。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 速度"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`Daru::DataFrame#corr` 相関係数を出すメソッド → 遅い"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "  <tr>\n",
       "    <th colspan='13'>Daru::DataFrame(12x12)</th>\n",
       "  </tr>\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>fixed acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>volatile acidity</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>citric acid</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>residual sugar</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>chlorides</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>free sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>total sulfur dioxide</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>density</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>pH</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>sulphates</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>alcohol</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <th>quality</th>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>fixed acidity</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.21900825635100266</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.32443572544730104</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.11198128107823678</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.29819477170273795</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.28273542836956794</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.32905390129522527</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.45890998228044255</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2527004683162333</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.29956774438249995</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.09545152256332995</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.07674320790962286</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>volatile acidity</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.21900825635100266</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0000000000000002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.37798131705526566</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.19601117434765503</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3771242764338664</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.35255730641340716</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.4144761946507196</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.2712956478511821</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.261454402742256</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.2259836797410744</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.03764038583468137</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.26569947761148033</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>citric acid</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.32443572544730104</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.37798131705526566</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.14245122598675725</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.038998014089851825</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.13312580951823125</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.19524197598145304</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.09615392906417021</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.32980819113172016</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.0561973001349725</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.01049349217337923</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.08553171718367827</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>residual sugar</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.11198128107823678</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.19601117434765503</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.14245122598675725</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9999999999999999</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.12894049990326722</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4028706400566557</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4954815870066449</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.552516950293483</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2673198368768104</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1859274052901841</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.3594147708159969</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.03698048458576987</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>chlorides</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.29819477170273795</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3771242764338664</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.038998014089851825</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.12894049990326722</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0000000000000002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1950447852077002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.27963044744333765</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3626146565578091</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.04470797955050543</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.395593306547331</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2569155799729125</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.20066550043510553</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>free sulfur dioxide</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.28273542836956794</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.35255730641340716</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.13312580951823125</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4028706400566557</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1950447852077002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0000000000000002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7209340813785245</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.025716842144663805</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.14585389640016552</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.18845724880121598</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1798384348893394</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.05546305861663346</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>total sulfur dioxide</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.32905390129522527</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.4144761946507196</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.19524197598145304</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.4954815870066449</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.27963044744333765</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.7209340813785245</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.03239451234680212</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.23841310290340784</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.27572681991620573</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.26573963910715914</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.04138545385560974</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>density</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.45890998228044255</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.2712956478511821</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.09615392906417021</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.552516950293483</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.3626146565578091</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.025716842144663805</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.03239451234680212</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.011686080687174244</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.25947849534575335</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.6867454216813362</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.3058579060694189</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>pH</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2527004683162333</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.261454402742256</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.32980819113172016</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2673198368768104</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.04470797955050543</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.14585389640016552</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.23841310290340784</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.011686080687174244</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0000000000000002</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.19212340657115304</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.12124846709464465</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.019505703714435736</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>sulphates</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.29956774438249995</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.2259836797410744</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.0561973001349725</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1859274052901841</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.395593306547331</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.18845724880121598</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.27572681991620573</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.25947849534575335</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.19212340657115304</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.9999999999999999</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.003029194944255261</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.038485445876515374</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>alcohol</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.09545152256332995</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.03764038583468137</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.01049349217337923</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.3594147708159969</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.2569155799729125</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.1798384348893394</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.26573963910715914</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.6867454216813362</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.12124846709464465</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.003029194944255261</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.44431852000752226</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <td>quality</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.07674320790962286</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.26569947761148033</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.08553171718367827</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.03698048458576987</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.20066550043510553</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.05546305861663346</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.04138545385560974</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>-0.3058579060694189</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.019505703714435736</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.038485445876515374</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>0.44431852000752226</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "        <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      \n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "</table>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "#<Daru::DataFrame(12x12)>\n",
       "            fixed acid volatile a citric aci residual s  chlorides free sulfu total sulf    density         pH  sulphates    alcohol    quality\n",
       " fixed acid        1.0 0.21900825 0.32443572 -0.1119812 0.29819477 -0.2827354 -0.3290539 0.45890998 -0.2527004 0.29956774 -0.0954515 -0.0767432\n",
       " volatile a 0.21900825 1.00000000 -0.3779813 -0.1960111 0.37712427 -0.3525573 -0.4144761 0.27129564 0.26145440 0.22598367 -0.0376403 -0.2656994\n",
       " citric aci 0.32443572 -0.3779813        1.0 0.14245122 0.03899801 0.13312580 0.19524197 0.09615392 -0.3298081 0.05619730 -0.0104934 0.08553171\n",
       " residual s -0.1119812 -0.1960111 0.14245122 0.99999999 -0.1289404 0.40287064 0.49548158 0.55251695 -0.2673198 -0.1859274 -0.3594147 -0.0369804\n",
       "  chlorides 0.29819477 0.37712427 0.03899801 -0.1289404 1.00000000 -0.1950447 -0.2796304 0.36261465 0.04470797 0.39559330 -0.2569155 -0.2006655\n",
       " free sulfu -0.2827354 -0.3525573 0.13312580 0.40287064 -0.1950447 1.00000000 0.72093408 0.02571684 -0.1458538 -0.1884572 -0.1798384 0.05546305\n",
       " total sulf -0.3290539 -0.4144761 0.19524197 0.49548158 -0.2796304 0.72093408        1.0 0.03239451 -0.2384131 -0.2757268 -0.2657396 -0.0413854\n",
       "    density 0.45890998 0.27129564 0.09615392 0.55251695 0.36261465 0.02571684 0.03239451        1.0 0.01168608 0.25947849 -0.6867454 -0.3058579\n",
       "         pH -0.2527004 0.26145440 -0.3298081 -0.2673198 0.04470797 -0.1458538 -0.2384131 0.01168608 1.00000000 0.19212340 0.12124846 0.01950570\n",
       "  sulphates 0.29956774 0.22598367 0.05619730 -0.1859274 0.39559330 -0.1884572 -0.2757268 0.25947849 0.19212340 0.99999999 -0.0030291 0.03848544\n",
       "    alcohol -0.0954515 -0.0376403 -0.0104934 -0.3594147 -0.2569155 -0.1798384 -0.2657396 -0.6867454 0.12124846 -0.0030291        1.0 0.44431852\n",
       "    quality -0.0767432 -0.2656994 0.08553171 -0.0369804 -0.2006655 0.05546305 -0.0413854 -0.3058579 0.01950570 0.03848544 0.44431852        1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "wine.corr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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      "text/plain": [
       "#<CZTop::Socket::PUB:0x5651b1889ed0 last_endpoint=\"tcp://127.0.0.1:60555\">"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot(wine.corr, type: :heatmap).show"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "[DataFrame#corrのベンチマーク](./corration_benchmark/Benchmark.md)より\n",
    "\n",
    "Daru:\n",
    "```shell\n",
    "> ruby corr.rb\n",
    "                      user     system      total        real\n",
    "correlation       5.330000   0.100000   5.430000 (  5.613104)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "pandas:\n",
    "```shell\n",
    "> python3 corr.py\n",
    "## benchmarker:         release 4.0.1 (for python)\n",
    "## python version:      3.5.2\n",
    "## python compiler:     GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.3.0 (clang-703.0.31)\n",
    "## python platform:     Darwin-16.4.0-x86_64-i386-64bit\n",
    "## python executable:   /usr/local/opt/python3/bin/python3.5\n",
    "## cpu model:           Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3520M CPU @ 2.90GHz\n",
    "## parameters:          loop=1, cycle=1, extra=0\n",
    "\n",
    "##                                       real    (total    = user    + sys)\n",
    "corr                                   0.0032    0.0000    0.0000    0.0000\n",
    "\n",
    "## Ranking                               real\n",
    "corr                                   0.0032  (100.0) ********************\n",
    "\n",
    "## Matrix                                real    [01]\n",
    "[01] corr                              0.0032   100.0\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "pandasでは0.0032秒で終わる処理が、daruでは5.33秒もかかる。\n",
    "$ \\because $ **cython**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 操作性\n",
    "\n",
    "### `DataFrame#where`\n",
    "\n",
    "pandas:\n",
    "```python\n",
    "df[df['quality'] >= 6 && df['alcohol'] <= 10] # qualityが3以上でalcoholが10以下の行を抽出\n",
    "\n",
    "df[df['quality'] >= 6 && df['alcohol'] <= 10]['pH'] = 0 # 上の条件の行のpHを0にする\n",
    "\n",
    "df # pHが上書きされている\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "daru:\n",
    "```ruby\n",
    "df[df['quality'] >= 6 && df['alcohol'] <= 10] # qualityが3以上でalcoholが10以下の行を抽出\n",
    "\n",
    "df[df['quality'] >= 6 && df['alcohol'] <= 10]['pH'] = 0 # fails!\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 他にも細かい不便はたくさんある\n",
    "\n",
    "`pandas` と比較すると\n",
    "\n",
    "- スカラーからDataFrameが生成できない\n",
    "- ランダムな値で初期化できない\n",
    "- Universal Functionが足りない\n",
    "- 二項演算を、row-wiseにするのかcolumn-wiseにやるのか選べない\n",
    "- DataFrame#stackメソッドがない\n",
    "- fill_valueを指定できない\n",
    "- 用語の不統一\n",
    "- Vectorにkeyの追加ができない\n",
    "- locに相当するセレクタがない\n",
    "- positionとindexの混同\n",
    "\n",
    "など"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## じゃあPRすればいいじゃない\n",
    "\n",
    "- ソースコードが汚い&量が多いので理解に時間がかかる\n",
    "  - Daru::DataFrameクラスが責務を抱え込みすぎ？\n",
    "  - \"Move Fast and Break Things\" の代償？\n",
    "  - ちなみにpandasのソースコードも汚くてつらい感じ\n",
    "    - 根本的に複雑になる？\n",
    "    - 開発者数でカバーしているのではないか？"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## そもそも\n",
    "\n",
    "- pandasと同じものを目指すなら同じ程度の労力が必要だが、pandasほどのユーザー数は見込めない?\n",
    "  - 普通にデータサイエンスしたい人はPythonかRを使う\n",
    "  - 「Rubyist & データサイエンスしたい人」 はそこまで多くない\n",
    "  - 開発する人材が足りないので機能が不足する\n",
    "\n",
    "- pandasに対抗するためには、Rubyの魅力を活かす必要がある。\n",
    "  - Rubyの魅力\n",
    "\t- open classでガンガンカスタマイズ\n",
    "    - メタプログラミングで楽できる\n",
    "  - Railsやsinatraと結合\n",
    "    - ActiveRecordとdaru\n",
    "    - erbにグラフ埋め込み\n",
    "  - サポートする機能を減らして、コードの理解しやすさ・カスタマイズしやすさを重視するアプローチでもよいのでは\n",
    "\n",
    "- Rubyでシュッとグラフを書くみたいなことができるだけでも十分？\n",
    "  - このへんはRubyistの意見調査みたいなのが必要な気がする\n",
    "\n",
    "※個人の感想です"
   ]
  }
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