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UbuntuCheatSheet.md

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Ubuntu Cheat Sheet

What is /bin/bash and who cares about it?

Bash is just a shell program. A shell program is how the user interacts with the core of the OS. Another shell is /bin/sh (Bourne shell).

BASH is short for Bourne Again SHell which is the "next" version of the Bourne shell.

The prompt of default BASH looks like:

[user@hostname ~]$

And when we are using the root account (not a good idea) it is:

[root@hostname ~]#

Re-synchronize the package index files from their sources. The indexes of available packages are fetched from the location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list(5). An update should always be performed before an upgrade or dist-upgrade.

apt-get update

Used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list(5)

apt-get upgrade

Some useful keyboard shortcuts to work with

  • CTRL L Clear the terminal
  • CTRL P Previous command (just like up arrow key)
  • CTRL N Next command (just like up arrow key) usually after you CTRL P a few times and miss the command you were looking for
  • CTRL O Execute command, but don't clear the line
  • CTRL J Execute command and clear the line (just like when you press Enter)
  • CTRL D Delete character under cursor OR logout if the line is empty
  • SHIFT Page Up/Down Go up/down the terminal
  • CTRL F Move forward to next character (just like right arrow key)
  • CTRL B Move backward to prev character (just like right arrow key)
  • CTRL A Cursor to start of line
  • CTRL E Cursor the end of line
  • ALT B Move a word back
  • ALT F Move a word forward
  • CTRL U Delete left of the cursor
  • CTRL K Delete right of the cursor
  • CTRL W Delete word on the left
  • CTRL Y Paste (after CTRL U,K or W)
  • TAB auto completion of file or command
  • CTRL R reverse search history - press CTRL R again to go to previous result.
  • !! repeat last command
  • CTRL SHIFT - undo

Aliases (“An alias is worth a thousand commands”).

Aliases are a very easy way to get cozy with the terminal. Aliases are defined in ~/.bashrc and are per user.

Edit the file ~/.bashrc (create if does not exist) and type the following:

alias myalias="mycommand"

My personal favorites are:

alias www='cd /var/www/'
alias gits='git status'
alias gitc='git commit -m'
alias gitca='git commit -a -m'
alias phup='phing site-update'
alias dca='drush cc all'
alias tlog='sudo tail -F /var/log/httpd/something.workingpropeople.com-error_log'

History (“The moment you forgot what magic you did yesterday”)

Fortunately everything is recorded. The history command prints out your recent commands.

Every command has a number in front of it. For example:

[user@hostname ~]$ history
  101  ls -la
  102  git add .
  103  drush cc all

If you execute !101 it will execute the command with number 101 (ls -la in the above case).

As mentioned earlier !! executes the last command.

Forgot to type sudo? No problem: sudo !!

Commonly used commands

Print working directory

pwd

List the files and the folders in the current directory.

ls
ls -l
ls -la
ls -lh
ls -i *.jpg

Change directory

cd directory

Create new directory

mkdir dirname

Rename a file

mv test.jpg test2.jpg

Move all files from directory to another directory

mv directory/* directory2

Create empty file

touch test.txt

Extract files from tar.gz to a destination folder (the folder must exits)

tar -zxvf something.tar.gz -C destinationFolder

Search the whole filesystem for a DIRNAME

find . -type d | grep DIRNAME

Search the whole filesystem for a FILENAME

find . -type f | grep FILENAME