reading.md

Bubble Sort

The "bubble sort" algorithm is a procedure for sorting. If the input is a collection of random letters, the following "pseudo-code" provides a set of instructions that will lead to sorting the collection alphabetically.

1. let A refer to a random collection of letters
2. let n refer to the number of letters in A
3. for i referring to any positive integer, let A[i] refer to the i^th letter in A
4. let swapped refer to 'No'
5. let i refer to 1, then 2, then 3, etc. up to and including n - 1 in the next step
6. if A[i + 1] comes before A[i] in the alphabet, then swap them in the collection A and let swapped refer to 'Yes'
7. if swapped refers to 'Yes', go back to 4 and resume, otherwise A is in alphabetical order

The following is a script in the R programming language that implements bubble sort, beginning from the assumption that A already refers to an array of letters.

n <- length(A)
swapped <- TRUE
while (swapped) {
    swapped <- FALSE
    for (i in seq(1, n - 1)) {
        if (A[i+1] < A[i]) {
            a <- A[i+1]
            A[i+1] <- A[i]
            A[i] <- a
            swapped <- TRUE
        }
    }
}

Questions

• What do you think the combination of characters <- means? What about the pattern {...}?

• Which pseudo-code step is implemented by the if (...) {...} block? What is the role of a?

• What word in the code instructs the computer to repeat something for an unspecified number of times? What word causes something to repeat a fixed number of times?

• If you don't trust it works, pretend to "compute" the procedure for the array of letters ['q', 'e', 'd'].

The following script achieves the same thing, but "modularizes" step 6; it seperates out the code for swapping. Identify how the script is different as you read.

swap <- function(i, x) {
    lesser <- x[i + 1]
    x[i + 1] <- x[i] 
    x[i] <- lesser
    return(x)
}

n <- length(A)
swapped <- TRUE
while (swapped) {
    swapped <- FALSE
    for (i in seq(1, n - 1)) {
        if (A[i+1] < A[i]) {
            A <- swap(i, A)
            swapped <- TRUE
        }
    }
}

Questions

• What is the name of the new function?

• What is one advantage or disadvantage to writing this script as two "modules"?

Snippets

Carefully "read" each of the following, unrelated, snippets of R code and answer the questions as you go.

Snippet 1

values <- c(6, 42, 13, 2, 9, -8, 27)
total <- 0
for (i in 1:length(values)) {
    total <- total + values[i]
}

Questions

• What does this R code achieve in the final value of total?

• What do you think the expression 1:length(values), used in the for (...) {...} block, establishes?

Snippet 2

test_value <- 98
is_even <- function(x) {
    output <- FALSE
    if (x != round(x)) {
        warning('Please input an integer.')
    } else {
        y <- round(x / 2)
        if (x == y * 2) {
            output <- TRUE
        }
    }
    return(output)
}
if (!evenness(test_value)) {
    warning('Test failed.')
}

Questions

• What does this R code do?

• What does ! mean?

• What kind of input would cause the is_even function to print a warning?

Snippet 3

text <- 'The computing world has undergone a revolution since the publication of "The C Programming Language" in 1978.'
word <- 'revolution'
n <- nchar(word)
i <- 1
while (substring(text, i, i + n - 1) != word) {
    i <- i + 1
    if (i + n > nchar(text)) {
        i <- 0
        break
    }
}

Questions

• What does this R code do?

• For some other text or word, what does it mean if i is found to equal 0 after running the code?