BREAKING CHANGE: remove _executionStack, make validate() async function and call Kareem hooks directly vs through wrappers

[vkarpov15]

Summary

Partially a fix for #14906, but also includes some related followup work because, in addition to removing _executionStack, we should do the same for parallel validation error. However, I took the time to refactor validate() to be an async function, to take advantage of async stack traces. With this PR, you get async stack traces when calling document.validate():

Error.stackTraceLimit = 20;

const mongoose = require("mongoose");
mongoose.connect("mongodb://localhost:27017/mongoose_test");


const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: { type: String, required: true, validate: v => v.length > 3 },
  age: Number,
});
userSchema.pre('validate', function() {
  if (this.name === 'secret') {
    throw new Error('name cannot be secret');
  }
});

const User = mongoose.model("User", userSchema);

async function runDemo() {
  const doc = new User({ name: 'A' });
  await doc.validate();

  //doc.name = 'secret';
  //await doc.validate();
  // await doc.save();
}

runDemo().catch(err => console.log(err.stack));

Output:

$ node gh-14250.js 
ValidationError: User validation failed: name: Validator failed for path `name` with value `A`
    at Document.invalidate (/mongoose/lib/document.js:3335:32)
    at doValidateCallback (/mongoose/lib/document.js:3105:17)
    at validate (/mongoose/lib/schemaType.js:1403:7)
    at SchemaType.doValidate (/mongoose/lib/schemaType.js:1387:7)
    at /mongoose/lib/document.js:3097:18
    at new Promise (<anonymous>)
    at validatePath (/mongoose/lib/document.js:3096:11)
    at model.$__validate (/mongoose/lib/document.js:3043:21)
    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)
    at async model.validate (/mongoose/lib/document.js:2653:5)
    at async runDemo (/gh-14250.js:22:3)

Without this PR, stack trace is not helpful:

$ node gh-14250.js 
ValidationError: User validation failed: name: Validator failed for path `name` with value `A`
    at Document.invalidate (/mongoose/lib/document.js:3329:32)
    at /mongoose/lib/document.js:3090:17
    at /mongoose/lib/schemaType.js:1407:9
    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:77:11)

Examples