kitoken

Tokenizer for language models.

use kitoken::Kitoken;
let encoder = Kitoken::from_file("models/llama2.kit")?;

let tokens = encoder.encode("Your future belongs to me.", true)?;
let string = String::from_utf8(encoder.decode(&tokens, true)?)?;

assert!(string == "Your future belongs to me.");

Features

• Fast encoding and decoding
  Faster than most other tokenizers in both common and uncommon scenarios.
• Support for a wide variety of tokenizer formats and tokenization strategies
  Including support for Tokenizers, SentencePiece, Tiktoken and more.
• Compatible with many systems and platforms
  Runs on Windows, Linux, macOS and embedded, and comes with bindings for Web, Node and Python.
• Compact data format
  Definitions are stored in an efficient binary format and without merge list.
• Support for normalization and pre-tokenization
  Including unicode normalization, whitespace normalization, and many others.

Overview

Kitoken is a fast and versatile tokenizer for language models. Multiple tokenization algorithms are supported:

• BytePair: A variation of the BPE algorithm, merging byte or character pairs.
• Unigram: The Unigram subword algorithm.
• WordPiece: The WordPiece subword algorithm.

Kitoken is compatible with many existing tokenizers, including SentencePiece, HuggingFace Tokenizers, OpenAI Tiktoken and Mistral Tekken, while outperforming them in most scenarios. See the benchmarks for comparisons with different datasets.

Compatibility

Kitoken can load and convert many existing tokenizer formats. Every supported format is tested against the original implementation across a variety of inputs to ensure correctness and compatibility.

SentencePiece

let encoder = Kitoken::from_sentencepiece_file("models/mistral.model")?;

Kitoken can convert and initialize with SentencePiece models in BPE and Unigram format.

• BPE models are converted to BytePair definitions in character mode. A merge list is generated and sorted using the token scores, which is then used to sort the vocabulary by merge priority. The scores and the merge list are then discarded.
• Unigram models are converted to Unigram definitions retaining the token scores.

If the model does not contain a trainer definition, Unigram is assumed as the default encoding mode. Normalization options and the unicode normalization scheme are taken from the contained normalizer definition and converted to the respective Kitoken configurations.

Notes

• SentencePiece uses different nfkc normalization rules in the nmt_nfkc and nmt_nfkc_cf schemes than during regular nfkc normalization. This difference is not entirely additive and prevents the normalization of ～ to ~. Kitoken uses the regular nfkc normalization rules for nmt_nfkc and nmt_nfkc_cf and normalizes ～ to ~.
• SentencePiece's implementation of Unigram merges pieces with the same merge priority differently depending on preceding non-encodable pieces. For example, with xlnet_base_cased, SentencePiece encodes .nnn and Զnnn as .., 8705, 180 but ԶԶnnn as .., 180, 8705. Kitoken always merges pieces with the same merge priority in the same order, resulting in .., 180, 8705 for either case in the example and matching the behavior of Tokenizers.

Tokenizers

let encoder = Kitoken::from_tokenizers_file("models/llama2.json")?;

Kitoken can convert and initialize with HuggingFace Tokenizers definitions for BPE, Unigram and WordPiece models.

• BPE models are converted to BytePair definitions. The included merge list is used to sort the vocabulary by merge priority and is then discarded.
• Unigram models are converted to Unigram definitions retaining the token scores.
• WordPiece models are converted to WordPiece definitions.

Normalization, pre-tokenization, post-processing and decoding options contained in the definition are converted to the respective Kitoken configurations.

Some normalization, post-processing and decoding options used by Tokenizers are used for converting alternative token-byte representations during encoding and decoding. Kitoken always stores and operates on tokens as byte sequences, and will use these options to pre-normalize the vocabulary during conversion.

Notes

• When using a BPE definition with an incomplete vocabulary and without an unk token, Tokenizers skips over non-encodable pieces and attempts to merge the surrounding ones. Kitoken always considers non-encodable pieces as un-mergeable and encodes the surrounding pieces individually. This can result in different encodings depending on vocabulary coverage and inputs in this scenario.
• Tokenizers normalizes inputs character-by-character, while Kitoken normalizes inputs as one. This can result in differences during case-folding in some cases. For example, greek letter Σ has two lowercase forms, σ for within-word and ς for end-of-word use. Tokenizers will always lowercase Σ to σ, while Kitoken will lowercase it to either depending on the context.

Tiktoken

let encoder = Kitoken::from_tiktoken_file("models/cl100k_base.tiktoken")?;

Tiktoken is a BPE tokenizer with a custom definition format used by OpenAI for GPT-3 and newer models using BytePair tokenization in byte mode.

Tiktoken definitions contain a sorted vocabulary of base64 encoded bytes and corresponding token ids without any additional metadata. Special tokens and the split regex are expected to be provided separately, but will be inferred from the data for common models including GPT-3, GPT-4 and GPT-4o. For other models, or depending on the data and requirements, these values can be adjusted manually.

Tekken

let encoder = Kitoken::from_tekken_file("models/nemo.json")?;

Tekken is a BPE tokenizer with a custom definition format based on Tiktoken, used by Mistral for NeMo and newer models using BytePair tokenization in byte mode.

Tekken definitions contain a sorted vocabulary of base64 encoded bytes and corresponding token ids, as well as metadata including the split regex and special tokens.

Performance

Kitoken uses merge-list-free variations of the BPE algorithm and a reversed variation of the Unigram algorithm. The basis for the merge-list-free BPE algorithm was inspired by Tiktoken, which has similarly good performance characteristics with common tokenization inputs. However, Kitoken can be much faster with inputs that fail to split during pre-tokenization by falling back to a priority-queue-based implementation when optimal.

The core tokenization functions are optimized for multiple CPU architectures and make use of SIMD instructions where available. Kitoken also avoids memory allocations and copying of data to great extent, and most operations are performed in-place and buffers are reused where possible.

Benchmarks

Benchmarks were performed on a MacBook Pro M1 Max using each libraries Python bindings with tokenizer-bench.

Llama 2

Llama 2 uses a SentencePiece-based tokenizer model and BytePair tokenization in character mode with byte mode fallback.

Encoding throughput

GPT-2

GPT-2 uses a Tokenizers-based tokenizer model and BytePair tokenization in byte mode.

Encoding throughput

Datasets

• Pride and Prejudice: A text document containing Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. This data is a good representation for common English-language inputs containing a mix of short and long paragraphs.

• UTF-8 Sequence: A text document containing a single-line UTF-8 sequence. This data is a good representation of inputs that might fail to split during pre-tokenization.

• Wagahai: A text document containing Wagahai wa Neko de Aru by Natsume Sōseki. This data is a good representation for Japanese-language inputs containing many long paragraphs.