[fix][sec] Upgrade protobuf-java to 3.25.5

[lhotari]

Main Issue: #23341

Motivation

• Addressing CVE-2024-7254
  • The CVE is categorized as high (8.7/10). It's a potential denial-of-service issue that
    doesn't pose a practical risk for Pulsar users. Since it's in the high category, we must address it regardless of the impact for Pulsar users.
• this might break clients, more about the plan in
  https://lists.apache.org/thread/qy8xp2ht0htvctlx2cwgrq2ppnjcp4m3

Modifications

• Upgrade protobuf-java to 3.25.5, this PR is currently WIP. The goal is to see if our CI passes.

Documentation

• doc
• doc-required
• doc-not-needed
• doc-complete

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 74.49%. Comparing base (bbc6224) to head (b4778a1).
Report is 606 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master   #23356      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     73.57%   74.49%   +0.92%     
- Complexity    32624    34428    +1804     
============================================
  Files          1877     1934      +57     
  Lines        139502   145028    +5526     
  Branches      15299    15846     +547     
============================================
+ Hits         102638   108038    +5400     
+ Misses        28908    28707     -201     
- Partials       7956     8283     +327     

Flag	Coverage Δ
inttests	27.45% <ø> (+2.87%)	⬆️
systests	24.58% <ø> (+0.26%)	⬆️
unittests	73.84% <ø> (+1.00%)	⬆️

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see 602 files with indirect coverage changes