- Introduction
- Setup
- Application architecture
- Project structure
- Tests
- Hypermedia-driven app
- CHANGELOG
- LICENSE
This repository contains an HDA based on htmx (frontend) and Drogon C++ framework (backend).
The aim was to create a responsive "web app" without using any of the usual JavaScript frameworks.
The idea for this project came while reading the excellent book Hypermedia Systems. In it, the authors talk about alternative ways for writing modern web applications. Unlike most of the other books on web development, the authors don't rely on any JavaScript framework, but instead go back to the roots of the hypermedia architecture that is the web itself.
I've also written an article about this project and my general motivation to use htmx and C++.
Instead of using JavaScript to overcome HTML, a strategy that basically reproduces thick-clients of the 90es, the authors use htmx to augment it. They make it capable of doing more without falling back to clever JavaScript tricks. Of course, JS isn't forbidden and htmx itself relies on it for its own development, but JS is not visible as there is no actual need for it.
We don't need to use JS to replace seemingly "insufficient" hypermedia controls, because htmx is here to extend them. It makes them capable of doing
more as originally defined. An anchor tag (<a>), for example, can be "upgraded" so that it can execute POST, PUT, PATCH, or even DELETE requests. A <form> tag doesn't have to be the only hypermedia control for sending data via POST requests. How about writing your own controls that can do exactly the same? Or maybe <form>s that can PATCH existing entries on the server? What usually demands explicit JS code can now be done declaratively with upgraded hypermedia controls.
Here's an example from this project. Two buttons (Cancel & Save) which can be found in almost every sufficiently complex web app.
<button hx-get="/contacts"
hx-target="#main"
hx-swap="innerHTML">
Cancel
</button>
<button hx-post="/contacts/{%contact.ID%}/edit"
hx-include="input"
hx-target="#main"
hx-swap="innerHTML">
Save
</button>Believe it or not, but these two utilize the following functionalities:
- Executing AJAX requests.
- Using HTTP verbs that are usually not available for
<button>controls. - Passing of additional element values in AJAX requests.
- Transclusion (that is, where and how to insert the server response data)
And not a single line of JavaScript was needed to make it work. This is how powerful hypermedia architecture actually is.
We also use _hyperscript, a small library for event handling and DOM manipulation. With it, we can listen to and dispatch events, manipulate DOM objects, all without leaving HTML.
Here's an example from this project:
<button id="edit-c" class="btn btn-primary"
hx-get="/contacts/{%c.ID%}/edit"
hx-target="#main"
hx-swap="innerHTML">Edit</button>
<button class="btn btn-danger"
hx-delete="/contacts/{%c.ID%}/delete"
hx-confirm="Are you sure you wish to delete this contact?"
hx-target="this"
hx-swap="none"
_="on click remove #edit-c
then remove me"
>Delete</button>
<button class="btn btn-info"
hx-get="/contacts"
hx-target="#main"
hx-swap="innerHTML">Back</button>In the second <button> control we have a few bits of _hyperscript that does the following:
- reacts to click events
- then removes the control with id=edit-c
- then removes the button that reacted to click event (it removes itself)
The final result is the removal of the buttons Edit and Delete. Only the button Back remains.
Instead of sending JSONs back and forth (and each time parsing them according to some internal logic), we can use HTML as originally designed: as a vehicle for meaningful hypermedia applications. The HTTP protocol exists because of HTML, but these days we mostly transfer JSON over it. This actually makes little sense, because JSON can't transport application semantics, which effectively cripples the original meaning of the client-server archiecture of the web. No wonder we need massive JS frameworks on our frontends, because our servers are mostly just data providers with JSON APIs. And JSON APIs aren't "RESTful".
The book's example backend source code is written in Python and it can be used instead of C++. In fact, I have tried to mimic the original Python APIs, so that there should be no big gaps in understanding them both. I was writing the C++ code while reading the respective chapters.
But as htmx is very language agnostic, there is no problem of using any language whatsoever, so I used C++. This is also good from the learning perspective as it forces me to double check everything.
I think that we should remove bloat not only from our frontends [put any massive JS framework in here], but also from our backends [put any massive backend framework in here]. Massive software consumes massive amounts of time and energy. Human time and energy as well as CPU cycles and electricity.
A few C++ libraries are needed for the compilation to succeed. This project uses vcpkg as its package manager, but you are free to choose any other instead.
To install a package, simply invoke vcpkg install PACKAGE_NAME.
The following packages are needed:
drogon
drogon[ctl]
fmt
argparse
brotli
zlib
openssl
sqlite3
soci[core]
soci[sqlite3]
The search for them is easy: vcpkg search PACKAGE_NAME
sudo apt install uuid-dev libcriterion-dev
Windows users will have to setup MSYS environment first. After the installation, select the MSYS2 MINGW64 entry in the Windows Start Menu. Do not use the MSYS UCRT4 or any other entry!
In the newly opened bash window, enter this command to install the required packages:
pacman -S git mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc mingw-w64-x86_64-cmake make mingw-w64-x86_64-c-ares mingw-w64-x86_64-jsoncpp mingw-w64-x86_64-openssl
Check if the compiler is available with which g++. You should see a message like this:
$ which g++
/mingw64/bin/g++You will also need an editor to update the environment paths, so install your preferred one, e.g. pacman -Sy nano or pacman -Sy vim
Open your .bash_profile with nano .$HOME/.bash_profile and add these three lines to the end of the file:
PATH=/mingw64/bin:$PATH
export VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET=x64-mingw-static
export VCPKG_DEFAULT_HOST_TRIPLET=x64-mingw-staticSave & close the file. Reload it with: source $HOME/.bash_profile or . ~/.bash_profile
The two triplet entries will be needed later to instruct vcpkg to use MinGW instead of the default Visual C++ compiler. And as we also want to compile static libraries only, we announce it by using the static suffix.
Unlike other packages, Drogon will not be installed with vcpkg. The currently available vcpkg package thows compilation errors, which is the reason why we have to compile it manually.
Clone the Drogon sources and prepare the build environment. The /c/bin/drogon path from the example below should be adapted to your local settings. The root of this path (/c/bin) must map to an already existing path in the Windows system, e.g. C:/bin or any other path of your choosing.
git clone https://github.com/drogonframework/drogon --recursive
mkdir drogon/build
cd drogon/build
cmake .. -G "MSYS Makefiles" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=/c/bin/drogonNow compile Drogon with make -j and wait until it completes.
Finally, install Drogon with make install.
You should now see a list of folders in C:/bin/drogon.
The second step is the installation of a few libraries that will be linked statically. We will use vcpkg to compile them all.
From the same bash window, issue the following commands to setup vcpkg.
cd $HOME
git clone https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.batNotice:
If you pefer to install vcpkg files under different root path, change the first command "cd $HOME" from the script above.
For example: cd /c/Users/WINDOWS_USER_NAME
In MSYS Bash, the Windows file system is located under /c.
And your MSYS $HOME folder is located under "home" in your Windows MSYS root folder.
From the vcpkg folder, issue the following commands to install required libraries:
./vcpkg.exe install argparse
./vcpkg.exe install fmt
./vcpkg.exe install brotli
./vcpkg.exe install zlib
./vcpkg.exe install openssl
./vcpkg.exe install sqlite3
./vcpkg.exe install soci
./vcpkg.exe install soci[sqlite3]Now you can compile this project via PoweShell with ./buildall.ps1.
But, don't forget to change vcpkg_root in meson.build first. This path should point at the previously cloned vcpkg repository.
My build system of choice is Meson, because Makefiles are hard to maintain and I simply don't want to learn how to use CMake. Life is too short for user-hostile software.
There are two scripts, buildall.sh (macOS/Linux) and buildall.ps1 (Windows). With these two the following steps will be executed:
- Copy web files (index.html, styles etc.) to
builddir(only on Windows, in macOS/Linux this will be done by Meson) - Initialize and run Meson:
- use
drogon_ctlto convert CSPs into C++ source files and put them intosrc/views - compile sources from
src - put the output binary into
builddir
- use
A C++20 compiler is needed. I'm using GNU C++ v12.1.0.
Before trying to build the project, please, adapt these two variables in the meson.build file:
The triplet carries the information about the host machine, e.g. x64-osx.
The vcpkg_root is the root folder containing packages installed by vcpkg.
drogon_ctl will be used by Meson to convert CSP templates into C++ files.
The frontend uses the htmx library and some Bootstrap resources for styling. There is no hand-written JavaScript running as htmx already provides the responsive stuff we expect any modern web app to offer.
The backend is based on the very fast C++ web framework called Drogon.
The database in use is SQLite3 but it can be replaced easily with any other SQL database. Simply adjust the src/database/db_mgr.cpp class. The library for accessing SQLite3 is SOCI and it supports many other database backends. The root of this project contains a SQLite3 file, demo.db, that the app uses by default. There is also a CSV file available, contacts.csv, that contains a few entries that can be used to populate a new table.
controllerscontains classes that Drogon uses to map client calls to functions in the backend.databasecontains a small wrapper class for accessing the SQLite3 instance.dtoscontainsData Transfer Objectsthat are used for data tansfers between frontend and backend.templatescontains CSPs (C++ Server Pages), which are templates thatdrogon_ctluses to generate C++ sources. These sources will be used to create HTML outputs.viewscontains Drogon-generated C++ classes. These files should not be edited manually. They will be replaced on every build. To change their behavior or contents, use CSPs fromtemplatesfolder instead.
Tests are done with the Criterion library.
Criterion can be installed via brew install criterion. Otherwise, you can manually build it as described here.
To build Criterion with Meson, clone its repo first:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/Snaipe/Criterion.gitThen issue the following commands:
cd Criterion
meson -Dprefix=c:/bin/criterion build
ninja -C build installThe installation directory prefix can be changed. After the installation is completed, set the path to Criterion's DLL file. This DLL will be used by test executables that have Criterion linked.
The test sources of this project are located in test and are being built automatically by Meson. To execute tests, you can use these two options:
PS > meson test -C .\builddir\
ninja: no work to do.
ninja: Entering directory `.\builddir'
ninja: no work to do.
1/1 basic OK 0.09s
Ok: 1
Expected Fail: 0
Fail: 0
Unexpected Pass: 0
Skipped: 0
Timeout: 0
Full log written to .\builddir\meson-logs\testlog.txtOr by directly calling the test executable itself:
PS > .\builddir\test_demo_web_server.exe
[====] Synthesis: Tested: 1 | Passing: 1 | Failing: 0 | Crashing: 0The web application starts by loading the index.html which contains a div tag with id="main". Throughout the app, this tag will be used by other controls to dynamically replace its contents without any page refreshes. However, unlike other typical modern web apps, we use no JS frameworks like React or Angular to make the app responsive. Instead, we only use htmx as our scripting library.
There are also three bootstrap resources involved, but this is just make the app look better. Bootstrap is not a requirement and can be replaced by any other library or own stylesheets. The same applies to jQuery that is included as a bootstrap dependency. Any of those libraries can be safely removed as they don't affect htmx or _hyperscript.
The web app communicates with the server in a standard request-response fashion. But unlike so many other web apps out there, no JSON is being used. Instead, the server is only sending pieces of HTML code that the client uses to update the current state of the app.
The server program accepts two parameters for setting the IP and Port.
Usage: demo_web_server [options]
Optional arguments:
-h --help shows help message and exits [default: false]
-v --version prints version information and exits [default: false]
-i --ip-address Server IP Address [default: "127.0.0.1"]
-p --port Port [default: 3000]
You can also use the included Drogon's config.json to control the behavior of the server. As Drogon offers lots of options, you should first make yourself familiar with it. The configuration file in this project contains only a few settings.
There also exist a separate JSON-based configuration file,server_config.json, that will be used by the web server. Currently, it only defines the location of the SQLite3 file, but it will be expanded in the future.
{
"database": {
"type": "sqlite3",
"file": "demo.db"
}
}This file should not be confused with Drogon's own JSON which is named config.json.
- 30/12/2022:
- added _hyperscript scripts in index.html
- added jQuery in index.html (bootstrap needs it)
- changed button behavior when deleting contacts
- added example with _hyperscript
- added gif demo showcasing _hyperscript
- 31/12/2022:
- Windows compilation support
- 01/01/2023:
- added TOC to README
- added FontAwesome
- added style.css
- updated index.html
- updated buildall.ps1
- updated meson.build
- included Drogon's config.json
- use Drogon's AOP to display active Listeners
- 02/01/2023:
- added Criterion test library
- added server configuration facility
- added server configuration JSON
- updated README regarding testing
- 17/05/2023
- fixed problem with building on Linux Ubuntu (patches by @csharpee)
