elaina

Elaina is a statically typed language with a Rust-like syntax. The language is currently under development and has not yet reached a practical level of availability. The compiler backend uses LLVM and it converts the input source code to LLVM-IR. The backend of elaina itself is written in Rust, and the general structure is heavily influenced by rustc(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust).

Compile

The compiler currently supports only Linux - x86_64. To build this project, you will need:

Rust 1.60+
LLVM 13
Clang 13

If you are using Docker to build your development environment, this Dockerfile will be useful.

FROM rust:1.60

RUN rustup component add rls rust-analysis rust-src rustfmt

RUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt install -y gcc make git binutils libc6-dev

RUN apt-get update; \
    apt-get install -y software-properties-common; \
    apt-get install -y lsb-release;

# install LLVM
RUN wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | apt-key add -;
RUN apt-add-repository "deb http://apt.llvm.org/bullseye/ llvm-toolchain-bullseye-13 main"; \
    apt-get update; \
    apt-get install -y llvm-13 llvm-13-dev clang-13;

RUN update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-PerfectShuffle    llvm-PerfectShuffle     /usr/bin/llvm-PerfectShuffle-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-lib               llvm-lib                /usr/bin/llvm-lib-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-dis               llvm-dis                /usr/bin/llvm-dis-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/not                    not                     /usr/bin/not-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++                clang++                 /usr/bin/clang++-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-link              llvm-link               /usr/bin/llvm-link-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/split-file             split-file              /usr/bin/split-file-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-opt-report        llvm-opt-report         /usr/bin/llvm-opt-report-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-bcanalyzer        llvm-bcanalyzer         /usr/bin/llvm-bcanalyzer-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/yaml-bench             yaml-bench              /usr/bin/yaml-bench-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-exegesis          llvm-exegesis           /usr/bin/llvm-exegesis-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-xray              llvm-xray               /usr/bin/llvm-xray-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-bitcode-strip     llvm-bitcode-strip      /usr/bin/llvm-bitcode-strip-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-tblgen            llvm-tblgen             /usr/bin/llvm-tblgen-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-ranlib            llvm-ranlib             /usr/bin/llvm-ranlib-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llc                    llc                     /usr/bin/llc-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-readobj           llvm-readobj            /usr/bin/llvm-readobj-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-strip             llvm-strip              /usr/bin/llvm-strip-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-rc                llvm-rc                 /usr/bin/llvm-rc-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-mt                llvm-mt                 /usr/bin/llvm-mt-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-c-test            llvm-c-test             /usr/bin/llvm-c-test-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/asan_symbolize         asan_symbolize          /usr/bin/asan_symbolize-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-ar                llvm-ar                 /usr/bin/llvm-ar-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-gsymutil          llvm-gsymutil           /usr/bin/llvm-gsymutil-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-mc                llvm-mc                 /usr/bin/llvm-mc-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-libtool-darwin    llvm-libtool-darwin     /usr/bin/llvm-libtool-darwin-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-objcopy           llvm-objcopy            /usr/bin/llvm-objcopy-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-diff              llvm-diff               /usr/bin/llvm-diff-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-extract           llvm-extract            /usr/bin/llvm-extract-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-pdbutil           llvm-pdbutil            /usr/bin/llvm-pdbutil-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-reduce            llvm-reduce             /usr/bin/llvm-reduce-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-ifs               llvm-ifs                /usr/bin/llvm-ifs-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-config            llvm-config             /usr/bin/llvm-config-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-profdata          llvm-profdata           /usr/bin/llvm-profdata-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cxxdump           llvm-cxxdump            /usr/bin/llvm-cxxdump-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/FileCheck              FileCheck               /usr/bin/FileCheck-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-dlltool           llvm-dlltool            /usr/bin/llvm-dlltool-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cxxfilt           llvm-cxxfilt            /usr/bin/llvm-cxxfilt-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-tapi-diff         llvm-tapi-diff          /usr/bin/llvm-tapi-diff-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-objdump           llvm-objdump            /usr/bin/llvm-objdump-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-ml                llvm-ml                 /usr/bin/llvm-ml-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/dsymutil               dsymutil                /usr/bin/dsymutil-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/sanstats               sanstats                /usr/bin/sanstats-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-lipo              llvm-lipo               /usr/bin/llvm-lipo-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-jitlink-executor  llvm-jitlink-executor   /usr/bin/llvm-jitlink-executor-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-llvm-readelf      llvm-readelf            /usr/bin/llvm-readelf-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-sim               llvm-sim                /usr/bin/llvm-sim-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-profgen           llvm-profgen            /usr/bin/llvm-profgen-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cov               llvm-cov                /usr/bin/llvm-cov-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-stress            llvm-stress             /usr/bin/llvm-stress-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/lli-child-target-13    lli-child-target-13     /usr/bin/lli-child-target-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-rtdyld            llvm-rtdyld             /usr/bin/llvm-rtdyld-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-otool             llvm-otool              /usr/bin/llvm-otool-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang-cpp              clang-cpp               /usr/bin/clang-cpp-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang                  clang                   /usr/bin/clang-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/count                  count                   /usr/bin/count-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/verify-uselistorder    verify-uselistorder     /usr/bin/verify-uselistorder-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/yaml2obj               yaml2obj                /usr/bin/yaml2obj-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-lto               llvm-lto                /usr/bin/llvm-lto-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cvtres            llvm-cvtres             /usr/bin/llvm-cvtres-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cfi-verify        llvm-cfi-verify         /usr/bin/llvm-cfi-verify-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-nm                llvm-nm                 /usr/bin/llvm-nm-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-windres           llvm-windres            /usr/bin/llvm-windres-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-addr2line         llvm-addr2line          /usr/bin/llvm-addr2line-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/bugpoint               bugpoint                /usr/bin/bugpoint-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-as                llvm-as                 /usr/bin/llvm-as-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/obj2yaml               obj2yaml                /usr/bin/obj2yaml-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-undname           llvm-undname            /usr/bin/llvm-undname-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer        llvm-symbolizer         /usr/bin/llvm-symbolizer-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-strings           llvm-strings            /usr/bin/llvm-strings-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-dwarfdump         llvm-dwarfdump          /usr/bin/llvm-dwarfdump-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-size-13           llvm-size-13            /usr/bin/llvm-size-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-jitlink           llvm-jitlink            /usr/bin/llvm-jitlink-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cxxmap            llvm-cxxmap             /usr/bin/llvm-cxxmap-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-lto2              llvm-lto2               /usr/bin/llvm-lto2-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-cat               llvm-cat                /usr/bin/llvm-cat-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-split             llvm-split              /usr/bin/llvm-split-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-dwp               llvm-dwp                /usr/bin/llvm-dwp-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/lli                    lli                     /usr/bin/lli-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-install-name-tool llvm-install-name-tool  /usr/bin/llvm-install-name-tool-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-modextract        llvm-modextract         /usr/bin/llvm-modextract-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/llvm-mca               llvm-mca                /usr/bin/llvm-mca-13 1; \
    update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/opt                    opt                     /usr/bin/opt-13 1; \

# install cmake
RUN apt-get update; \
    apt-get install -y libssl-dev cmake;

# build mold and install
RUN git clone https://github.com/rui314/mold.git; \
    cd mold; \
    git checkout v1.0.3; \
    make; \
    make install;

Since linking projects that use LLVM is time consuming, we recommend using mold(https://github.com/rui314/mold) as a linker.

How to use

Currently, all operations are done through Cargo.

Run a program using LLVM's JIT

cargo run -- run [FILENAME].eln

Generate executable file and run.

cargo run -- print llvm [FILENAME].eln > tmp.ll && clang tmp.ll
./a.out

Since elana does not yet have a toolchain, all processes after the generation of LLVM-IR must be run Clang on the command line.

Print compiler output

cargo run -- print [MODE] [FILENAME].eln

Modes

token Print the output of the tokenizer.
ast Print AST(Abstract Syntax Tree). It is the output of the parser.
hir Print HIR(High-level Intermeditate Representation). It is a high-level abstraction intermeditate representation.
thir Print THIR(Typed High-level Intermeditate Representation). It is a typed HIR.
mir Print MIR(Middle-level Intermeditate Representation). It is middle-level abstraction intermeditate representation. All calculations and instructions are represented by SSA(Static Single Assignments), simplifying conversion to LLVM-IR.
llvm Print LLVM-IR.

Example programs

Print literals

fn main() -> i32 {
   let n: i32 = 3;
   println(n);

   let b: bool = true;
   println(b);

   return 0;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
3
true

Simple calculations

fn main() -> i32 {
    {
        let a: i32 = 1;
        let b: i32 = 2;
        let c: i32 = 3;
        println(a + b == c);
    }

    {
        let a: i32 = 5;
        let b: i32 = 4;
        let c: i32 = 1;
        println(a - b == c);
    }

    {
        let a: i32 = 3;
        let b: i32 = 6;
        let c: i32 = 18;
        println(a * b == c);
    }

    {
        let a: i32 = 20;
        let b: i32 = 2;
        let c: i32 = 10;
        println(a / b == c);
    }

    return 0;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
true
true
true
true

Conditional branch

fn main() -> i32 {
   let a: i32 = 5;
   let b: i32 = 6;

   if a < b {
       println(b);
   } else {
       println(a);
   }
   
   return 0;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
6

The larger of the variables a and b is output. Since this if expression is not a statement but returns a value by itself, the program can be rewritten as follows.

fn main() -> i32 {
   let a: i32 = 5;
   let b: i32 = 6;
   let max: i32 = if a < b { b } else { a };
   
   println(max);

   return 0;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
6

Scope of variable names

fn main() -> i32 {
    let x: i32 = 1;
    println(x);

    {
        let x: bool = false;
        println(x);

        {
            let x: i32 = 10;
            println(x);
        }

        println(x);
    }

    println(x);

    return 0;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
1
false
10
false
1

The block creates a new scope. Even if the declared variable name already exists in the outer scope, it can be used without being changed or erased. In other words, shadowing of variables is possible. This code is semantically identical to the following code.

fn main() -> i32 {
    let x0: i32 = 1;
    println(x0);

    {
        let x: bool = false;
        println(x1);

        {
            let x2: i32 = 10;
            println(x2);
        }

        println(x1);
    }

    println(x0);

    return 0;
}

Function

fn main() -> i32 {
    let a: i32 = 5;
    let b: i32 = 10;

    println(min(a, b));
    println(max(a, b));

    return 0;
}

fn min(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    return if a < b { a } else { b };
}

fn max(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    return if a < b { b } else { a };
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
5
10

A function can also be called recursively. The following code calculates the factorial.

fn main() -> i32 {
    let n: i32 = 10;
    let result: i32 = factorial(n);
    println(result);
    
    return 0;
}

fn factorial(n: i32) -> i32 {
    if n == 0 {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return n * factorial(n - 1);
    }
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
3628800

Loop

fn main() -> i32 {
   let n: i32 = 10;
   let result: i32 = factorial(n);
   println(result);

   return 0;
}

fn factorial(n: i32) -> i32 {
    let result: i32 = 1;
    let i: i32 = n;

    loop {
        if i == 0 {
            break;
        }

        result = result * i;

        i = i - 1;
    }

    return result;
}

> cargo run -- run example.eln
3628800

Loop expressions can be used to describe infinite loops. Also, the for and while expressions have not yet been implemented.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 348 Commits
compiler		compiler
src		src
.gitignore		.gitignore
Cargo.toml		Cargo.toml
README.md		README.md

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elaina

Compile

How to use

Run a program using LLVM's JIT

Generate executable file and run.

Print compiler output

Modes

Example programs

Print literals

Simple calculations

Conditional branch

Scope of variable names

Function

Loop

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himadajin/elaina

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elaina

Compile

How to use

Run a program using LLVM's JIT

Generate executable file and run.

Print compiler output

Modes

Example programs

Print literals

Simple calculations

Conditional branch

Scope of variable names

Function

Loop

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