This package consists of a series of functions created by the author
(Jacob) to automate otherwise tedious research tasks. At this juncture,
the unifying theme is the more efficient presentation of regression
analyses. There are a number of functions for other programming and
statistical purposes as well. Support for the survey package’s
svyglm objects as well as weighted regressions is a common theme
throughout.
Notice: As of jtools version 2.0.0, all functions dealing with
interactions (e.g., interact_plot(), sim_slopes(),
johnson_neyman()) have been moved to a new package, aptly named
interactions.
For the most stable version, simply install from CRAN.
install.packages("jtools")If you want the latest features and bug fixes then you can download from
Github. To do that you will need to have devtools installed if you
don’t already:
install.packages("devtools")Then install the package from Github.
devtools::install_github("jacob-long/jtools")To see what features are on the roadmap, check the issues section of the repository, especially the “enhancement” tag. Closed issues may be of interest, too, since they may be fixed in the Github version but not yet submitted to CRAN.
Here’s a synopsis of the current functions in the package:
summ() is a replacement for summary() that provides the user several
options for formatting regression summaries. It supports glm,
svyglm, and merMod objects as input as well. It supports calculation
and reporting of robust standard errors via the sandwich package.
Basic use:
data(movies)
fit <- lm(metascore ~ budget + us_gross + year, data = movies)
summ(fit)#> MODEL INFO:
#> Observations: 831 (10 missing obs. deleted)
#> Dependent Variable: metascore
#> Type: OLS linear regression
#>
#> MODEL FIT:
#> F(3,827) = 26.23, p = 0.00
#> R² = 0.09
#> Adj. R² = 0.08
#>
#> Standard errors:OLS
#> --------------------------------------------------
#> Est. S.E. t val. p
#> ----------------- ------- -------- -------- ------
#> (Intercept) 52.06 139.67 0.37 0.71
#> budget -0.00 0.00 -5.89 0.00
#> us_gross 0.00 0.00 7.61 0.00
#> year 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.94
#> --------------------------------------------------
It has several conveniences, like re-fitting your model with scaled
variables (scale = TRUE). You have the option to leave the outcome
variable in its original scale (transform.response = TRUE), which is
the default for scaled models. I’m a fan of Andrew Gelman’s 2 SD
standardization method, so you can specify by how many standard
deviations you would like to rescale (n.sd = 2).
You can also get variance inflation factors (VIFs) and partial/semipartial (AKA part) correlations. Partial correlations are only available for OLS models. You may also substitute confidence intervals in place of standard errors and you can choose whether to show p values.
summ(fit, scale = TRUE, vifs = TRUE, part.corr = TRUE, confint = TRUE, pvals = FALSE)#> MODEL INFO:
#> Observations: 831 (10 missing obs. deleted)
#> Dependent Variable: metascore
#> Type: OLS linear regression
#>
#> MODEL FIT:
#> F(3,827) = 26.23, p = 0.00
#> R² = 0.09
#> Adj. R² = 0.08
#>
#> Standard errors:OLS
#> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#> Est. 2.5% 97.5% t val. VIF partial.r part.r
#> ----------------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------ ----------- --------
#> (Intercept) 63.01 61.91 64.11 112.23
#> budget -3.78 -5.05 -2.52 -5.89 1.31 -0.20 -0.20
#> us_gross 5.28 3.92 6.64 7.61 1.52 0.26 0.25
#> year 0.05 -1.18 1.28 0.08 1.24 0.00 0.00
#> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#>
#> Continuous predictors are mean-centered and scaled by 1 s.d. The outcome variable remains in its original units.
Cluster-robust standard errors:
data("PetersenCL", package = "sandwich")
fit2 <- lm(y ~ x, data = PetersenCL)
summ(fit2, robust = "HC3", cluster = "firm")#> MODEL INFO:
#> Observations: 5000
#> Dependent Variable: y
#> Type: OLS linear regression
#>
#> MODEL FIT:
#> F(1,4998) = 1310.74, p = 0.00
#> R² = 0.21
#> Adj. R² = 0.21
#>
#> Standard errors: Cluster-robust, type = HC3
#> -----------------------------------------------
#> Est. S.E. t val. p
#> ----------------- ------ ------ -------- ------
#> (Intercept) 0.03 0.07 0.44 0.66
#> x 1.03 0.05 20.36 0.00
#> -----------------------------------------------
Of course, summ() like summary() is best-suited for interactive use.
When it comes to sharing results with others, you want sharper output
and probably graphics. jtools has some options for that, too.
For tabular output, export_summs() is an interface to the huxtable
package’s huxreg() function that preserves the niceties of summ(),
particularly its facilities for robust standard errors and
standardization. It also concatenates multiple models into a single
table.
fit <- lm(metascore ~ log(budget), data = movies)
fit_b <- lm(metascore ~ log(budget) + log(us_gross), data = movies)
fit_c <- lm(metascore ~ log(budget) + log(us_gross) + runtime, data = movies)
coef_names <- c("Budget" = "log(budget)", "US Gross" = "log(us_gross)",
"Runtime (Hours)" = "runtime", "Constant" = "(Intercept)")
export_summs(fit, fit_b, fit_c, robust = "HC3", coefs = coef_names)| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Budget | -2.43 \*\*\* | -5.16 \*\*\* | -6.70 \*\*\* |
| (0.44) | (0.62) | (0.67) | |
| US Gross | 3.96 \*\*\* | 3.85 \*\*\* | |
| (0.51) | (0.48) | ||
| Runtime (Hours) | 14.29 \*\*\* | ||
| (1.63) | |||
| Constant | 105.29 \*\*\* | 81.84 \*\*\* | 83.35 \*\*\* |
| (7.65) | (8.66) | (8.82) | |
| N | 831 | 831 | 831 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
| Standard errors are heteroskedasticity robust. \*\*\* p \< 0.001; \*\* p \< 0.01; \* p \< 0.05. | |||
In RMarkdown documents, using export_summs() and the chunk option
results = 'asis' will give you nice-looking tables in HTML and PDF
output. Using the to.word = TRUE argument will create a Microsoft Word
document with the table in it.
Another way to get a quick gist of your regression analysis is to plot
the values of the coefficients and their corresponding uncertainties
with plot_summs() (or the closely related plot_coefs()). Like with
export_summs(), you can still get your scaled models and robust
standard errors.
coef_names <- coef_names[1:3] # Dropping intercept for plots
plot_summs(fit, fit_b, fit_c, robust = "HC3", coefs = coef_names)
And since you get a ggplot object in return, you can tweak and theme
as you wish.
Another way to visualize the uncertainty of your coefficients is via the
plot.distributions argument.
plot_summs(fit_c, robust = "HC3", coefs = coef_names, plot.distributions = TRUE)
These show the 95% interval width of a normal distribution for each estimate.
plot_coefs() works much the same way, but without support for summ()
arguments like robust and scale. This enables a wider range of
models that have support from the broom package but not for summ().
Sometimes the best way to understand your model is to look at the
predictions it generates. Rather than look at coefficients,
effect_plot() lets you plot predictions across values of a predictor
variable alongside the observed data.
effect_plot(fit_c, pred = runtime, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE)#> Using data movies from global environment. This could cause incorrect
#> results if movies has been altered since the model was fit. You can
#> manually provide the data to the "data =" argument.
#> Warning: Removed 10 rows containing missing values or values outside the scale range
#> (`geom_point()`).
And a new feature in version 2.0.0 lets you plot partial residuals
instead of the raw observed data, allowing you to assess model quality
after accounting for effects of control variables.
effect_plot(fit_c, pred = runtime, interval = TRUE, partial.residuals = TRUE)#> Using data movies from global environment. This could cause incorrect
#> results if movies has been altered since the model was fit. You can
#> manually provide the data to the "data =" argument.
Categorical predictors, polynomial terms, (G)LM(M)s, weighted data, and much more are supported.
There are several other things that might interest you.
gscale(): Scale and/or mean-center data, includingsvydesignobjectsscale_mod()andcenter_mod(): Re-fit models with scaled and/or mean-centered datawgttest()andpf_sv_test(), which are combined inweights_tests(): Test the ignorability of sample weights in regression modelssvycor(): Generate correlation matrices fromsvydesignobjectstheme_apa(): A mostly APA-compliantggplot2themetheme_nice(): A niceggplot2themeadd_gridlines()anddrop_gridlines():ggplot2theme-changing convenience functionsmake_predictions(): an easy way to generate hypothetical predicted data from your regression model for plotting or other purposes.
Details on the arguments can be accessed via the R documentation
(?functionname). There are now vignettes documenting just about
everything you can do as well.
I’m happy to receive bug reports, suggestions, questions, and (most of all) contributions to fix problems and add features. I prefer you use the Github issues system over trying to reach out to me in other ways. Pull requests for contributions are encouraged. If you are considering writing up a bug fix or new feature, please check out the contributing guidelines.
Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.
This package is licensed under the GPLv3 license or any later version.