twiboot is a simple/small bootloader for AVR MCUs written in C. It uses the integrated TWI or USI peripheral of the controller to implement a I2C slave. It was originally created to update I2C controlled BLMCs (Brushless Motor Controller) without an AVR ISP adapter.
twiboot acts as a slave device on a TWI/I2C bus and allows reading/writing of the internal flash memory. As a compile time option (EEPROM_SUPPORT) twiboot also allows reading/writing of the whole internal EEPROM memory. The bootloader is not able to update itself (only application flash memory region accessible).
Currently the following AVR MCUs are supported:
| AVR MCU | Flash bytes used (.text + .data) | Bootloader region size |
|---|---|---|
| attiny85 | 954 (0x3BA) | 512 words |
| atmega8 | 786 (0x312) | 512 words |
| atmega88 | 810 (0x32A) | 512 words |
| atmega168 | 810 (0x32A) | 512 words |
| atmega328p | 810 (0x32A) | 512 words |
(Compiled on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (gcc 5.4.0 / avr-libc 2.0.0) with EEPROM and LED support)
twiboot is installed in the bootloader section and executed directly after reset (BOOTRST fuse is programmed). For MCUs without bootloader section see Virtual bootloader section below.
While running, twiboot configures the TWI/USI peripheral as slave device and waits for valid protocol messages directed to its address on the TWI/I2C bus. The slave address is configured during compile time of twiboot. When receiving no messages for 1000ms after reset, the bootloader exits and executes the main application at address 0x0000.
A TWI/I2C master can use the protocol to
- abort the boot timeout
- query information about the device (bootloader version, AVR signature bytes, flash/eeprom size, flash page size)
- read internal flash / eeprom memory (byte wise)
- write the internal flash (page wise)
- write the internal eeprom (byte wise)
- exit the bootloader and start the application
As a compile time option (LED_SUPPORT) twiboot can output its state with two LEDs. One LED will flash with a frequency of 20Hz while twiboot is active (including boot wait time). A second LED will flash when the bootloader is addressed on the TWI/I2C bus.
For MCUs without bootloader section twiboot will patch the vector table on the fly during flash programming to stay active. The reset vector is patched to execute twiboot instead of the application code.
Another vector entry will be patched to store the original entry point of the application. This vector entry is overridden and MUST NOT be used by the application. twiboot uses this vector to start the application after the initial timeout.
This live patching changes the content of the vector table, which would result in a verification error after programming. To counter this kind of error, twiboot caches the original vector table entries in RAM and return those on a read command. The real content of the vector table is only returned after a reset.
twiboot uses gcc, avr-libc and GNU Make for building, avrdude is used for flashing the MCU. The build and install procedures are only tested under linux.
The selection of the target MCU and the programming interface can be found in the Makefile, TWI/I2C slave address and optional components (EEPROM / LED support) are configured in the main.c source.
To build twiboot for the selected target:
$ makeTo install (flash download) twiboot with avrdude on the target:
$ make installSet AVR fuses with avrdude on the target (internal RC-Osz, enable BOD, enable BOOTRST):
$ make fusesA TWI/I2C master can use the following protocol for accessing the bootloader.
| Function | TWI/I2C data | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Abort boot timeout | SLA+W, 0x00, STO | |
| Show bootloader version | SLA+W, 0x01, SLA+R, {16 bytes}, STO | ASCII, not null terminated |
| Start application | SLA+W, 0x01, 0x80, STO | |
| Read chip info | SLA+W, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, SLA+R, {8 bytes}, STO | 3byte signature, 1byte page size, 2byte flash size, 2byte eeprom size |
| Read 1+ flash bytes | SLA+W, 0x02, 0x01, addrh, addrl, SLA+R, {* bytes}, STO | |
| Read 1+ eeprom bytes | SLA+W, 0x02, 0x02, addrh, addrl, SLA+R, {* bytes}, STO | |
| Write one flash page | SLA+W, 0x02, 0x01, addrh, addrl, {* bytes}, STO | page size as indicated in chip info |
| Write 1+ eeprom bytes | SLA+W, 0x02, 0x02, addrh, addrl, {* bytes}, STO | write 0 < n < page size bytes at once |
SLA+R means Start Condition, Slave Address, Read Access
SLA+W means Start Condition, Slave Address, Write Access
STO means Stop Condition
A flash page / eeprom write is only triggered after the Stop Condition. During the write process twiboot will NOT acknowledge its slave address.
The multiboot_tool repository contains a simple linux application that uses this protocol to access the bootloader over linux i2c device.
The ispprog programming adapter can also be used as a avr910/butterfly to twiboot protocol bridge.
While a write is in progress twiboot will not respond on the TWI/I2C bus and the TWI/I2C master needs to retry/poll the slave address until the write has completed.
As a compile time option (USE_CLOCKSTRETCH) the previous behavior of twiboot can be restored: TWI/I2C Clockstretching is then used to inform the master of the duration of the write. Please note that there are some TWI/I2C masters that do not support clockstretching.
Issue reports, feature requests, patches or simply success stories are much appreciated.