Role models are important.
|
Tip
|
You can find a beautiful version of this guide with much improved navigation at https://rubystyle.guide. |
This Ruby style guide recommends best practices so that real-world Ruby programmers can write code that can be maintained by other real-world Ruby programmers. A style guide that reflects real-world usage gets used, while a style guide that holds to an ideal that has been rejected by the people it is supposed to help risks not getting used at all - no matter how good it is.
The guide is separated into several sections of related guidelines. We’ve tried to add the rationale behind the guidelines (if it’s omitted we’ve assumed it’s pretty obvious).
We didn’t come up with all the guidelines out of nowhere - they are mostly based on the professional experience of the editors, feedback and suggestions from members of the Ruby community and various highly regarded Ruby programming resources, such as "Programming Ruby" and "The Ruby Programming Language".
This style guide evolves over time as additional conventions are identified and past conventions are rendered obsolete by changes in Ruby itself.
You can generate a PDF copy of this guide using AsciiDoctor PDF, and an HTML copy with AsciiDoctor using the following commands:
# Generates README.pdf
asciidoctor-pdf -a allow-uri-read README.adoc
# Generates README.html
asciidoctor README.adoc|
Tip
|
Install the gem install rouge |
|
Tip
|
If you’re into Rails or RSpec you might want to check out the complementary Ruby on Rails Style Guide and RSpec Style Guide. |
|
Tip
|
RuboCop is a static code analyzer (linter) and formatter, based on this style guide. |
Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute.
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
It’s common knowledge that code is read much more often than it is written. The guidelines provided here are intended to improve the readability of code and make it consistent across the wide spectrum of Ruby code. They are also meant to reflect real-world usage of Ruby instead of a random ideal. When we had to choose between a very established practice and a subjectively better alternative we’ve opted to recommend the established practice.[1]
There are some areas in which there is no clear consensus in the Ruby community regarding a particular style (like string literal quoting, spacing inside hash literals, dot position in multi-line method chaining, etc.). In such scenarios all popular styles are acknowledged and it’s up to you to pick one and apply it consistently.
Ruby had existed for over 15 years by the time the guide was created, and the language’s flexibility and lack of common standards have contributed to the creation of numerous styles for just about everything. Rallying people around the cause of community standards took a lot of time and energy, and we still have a lot of ground to cover.
Ruby is famously optimized for programmer happiness. We’d like to believe that this guide is going to help you optimize for maximum programmer happiness.
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.
A style guide is about consistency. Consistency with this style guide is important. Consistency within a project is more important. Consistency within one class or method is the most important.
However, know when to be inconsistent — sometimes style guide recommendations just aren’t applicable. When in doubt, use your best judgment. Look at other examples and decide what looks best. And don’t hesitate to ask!
In particular: do not break backwards compatibility just to comply with this guide!
Some other good reasons to ignore a particular guideline:
-
When applying the guideline would make the code less readable, even for someone who is used to reading code that follows this style guide.
-
To be consistent with surrounding code that also breaks it (maybe for historic reasons) — although this is also an opportunity to clean up someone else’s mess (in true XP style).
-
Because the code in question predates the introduction of the guideline and there is no other reason to be modifying that code.
-
When the code needs to remain compatible with older versions of Ruby that don’t support the feature recommended by the style guide.
Translations of the guide are available in the following languages:
|
Note
|
These translations are not maintained by our editor team, so their quality and level of completeness may vary. The translated versions of the guide often lag behind the upstream English version. |
Nearly everybody is convinced that every style but their own is ugly and unreadable. Leave out the "but their own" and they’re probably right…
Use UTF-8 as the source file encoding.
|
Tip
|
UTF-8 has been the default source file encoding since Ruby 2.0. |
Use only spaces for indentation. No hard tabs.
Use two spaces per indentation level (aka soft tabs).
# bad - four spaces
def some_method
do_something
end
# good
def some_method
do_something
endLimit lines to 80 characters.
|
Tip
|
Most editors and IDEs have configuration options to help you with that. They would typically highlight lines that exceed the length limit. |
A lot of people these days feel that a maximum line length of 80 characters is just a remnant of the past and makes little sense today. After all - modern displays can easily fit 200+ characters on a single line. Still, there are some important benefits to be gained from sticking to shorter lines of code.
First, and foremost - numerous studies have shown that humans read much faster vertically and very long lines of text impede the reading process. As noted earlier, one of the guiding principles of this style guide is to optimize the code we write for human consumption.
Additionally, limiting the required editor window width makes it possible to have several files open side-by-side, and works well when using code review tools that present the two versions in adjacent columns.
The default wrapping in most tools disrupts the visual structure of the code, making it more difficult to understand. The limits are chosen to avoid wrapping in editors with the window width set to 80, even if the tool places a marker glyph in the final column when wrapping lines. Some web based tools may not offer dynamic line wrapping at all.
Some teams strongly prefer a longer line length. For code maintained exclusively or primarily by a team that can reach agreement on this issue, it is okay to increase the line length limit up to 100 characters, or all the way up to 120 characters. Please, restrain the urge to go beyond 120 characters.
Avoid trailing whitespace.
|
Tip
|
Most editors and IDEs have configuration options to visualize trailing whitespace and to remove it automatically on save. |
Use Unix-style line endings.[2]
|
Tip
|
If you’re using Git you might want to add the following configuration setting to protect your project from Windows line endings creeping in: $ git config --global core.autocrlf true |
End each file with a newline.
|
Tip
|
This should be done via editor configuration, not manually. |
Don’t use ; to terminate statements and expressions.
# bad
puts 'foobar'; # superfluous semicolon
# good
puts 'foobar'Use one expression per line.
# bad
puts 'foo'; puts 'bar' # two expressions on the same line
# good
puts 'foo'
puts 'bar'
puts 'foo', 'bar' # this applies to puts in particularAvoid dot where not required for operator method calls.
# bad
num.+ 42
# good
num + 42Use spaces around operators, after commas, colons and semicolons. Whitespace might be (mostly) irrelevant to the Ruby interpreter, but its proper use is the key to writing easily readable code.
# bad
sum=1+2
a,b=1,2
class FooError<StandardError;end
# good
sum = 1 + 2
a, b = 1, 2
class FooError < StandardError; endThere are a few exceptions:
-
Exponent operator:
# bad
e = M * c ** 2
# good
e = M * c**2-
Slash in rational literals:
# bad
o_scale = 1 / 48r
# good
o_scale = 1/48r-
Safe navigation operator:
# bad
foo &. bar
foo &.bar
foo&. bar
# good
foo&.barAvoid chaining of &.. Replace with . and an explicit check.
E.g. if users are guaranteed to have an address and addresses are guaranteed to have a zip code:
# bad
user&.address&.zip
# good
user && user.address.zipIf such a change introduces excessive conditional logic, consider other approaches, such as delegation:
# bad
user && user.address && user.address.zip
# good
class User
def zip
address&.zip
end
end
user&.zipNo spaces after (, [ or before ], ).
Use spaces around { and before }.
# bad
some( arg ).other
[ 1, 2, 3 ].each{|e| puts e}
# good
some(arg).other
[1, 2, 3].each { |e| puts e }{ and } deserve a bit of clarification, since they are used for block and hash literals, as well as string interpolation.
For hash literals two styles are considered acceptable. The first variant is slightly more readable (and arguably more popular in the Ruby community in general). The second variant has the advantage of adding visual difference between block and hash literals. Whichever one you pick - apply it consistently.
# good - space after { and before }
{ one: 1, two: 2 }
# good - no space after { and before }
{one: 1, two: 2}With interpolated expressions, there should be no padded-spacing inside the braces.
# bad
"From: #{ user.first_name }, #{ user.last_name }"
# good
"From: #{user.first_name}, #{user.last_name}"No space inside range literals.
# bad
1 .. 3
'a' ... 'z'
# good
1..3
'a'...'z'Indent when as deep as case.
# bad
case
when song.name == 'Misty'
puts 'Not again!'
when song.duration > 120
puts 'Too long!'
when Time.now.hour > 21
puts "It's too late"
else
song.play
end
# good
case
when song.name == 'Misty'
puts 'Not again!'
when song.duration > 120
puts 'Too long!'
when Time.now.hour > 21
puts "It's too late"
else
song.play
endThis is the style established in both "The Ruby Programming Language" and "Programming Ruby".
Historically it is derived from the fact that case and switch statements are not blocks, hence should not be indented, and the when and else keywords are labels (compiled in the C language, they are literally labels for JMP calls).
When assigning the result of a conditional expression to a variable, preserve the usual alignment of its branches.
# bad - pretty convoluted
kind = case year
when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
else 'Jazz'
end
result = if some_cond
calc_something
else
calc_something_else
end
# good - it's apparent what's going on
kind = case year
when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
else 'Jazz'
end
result = if some_cond
calc_something
else
calc_something_else
end
# good (and a bit more width efficient)
kind =
case year
when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
else 'Jazz'
end
result =
if some_cond
calc_something
else
calc_something_else
endUse empty lines between method definitions and also to break up methods into logical paragraphs internally.
# bad
def some_method
data = initialize(options)
data.manipulate!
data.result
end
def some_other_method
result
end
# good
def some_method
data = initialize(options)
data.manipulate!
data.result
end
def some_other_method
result
endDon’t use several empty lines in a row.
# bad - It has two empty lines.
some_method
some_method
# good
some_method
some_methodUse empty lines around attribute accessor.
# bad
class Foo
attr_reader :foo
def foo
# do something...
end
end
# good
class Foo
attr_reader :foo
def foo
# do something...
end
endUse empty lines around access modifier.
# bad
class Foo
def bar; end
private
def baz; end
end
# good
class Foo
def bar; end
private
def baz; end
endDon’t use empty lines around method, class, module, block bodies.
# bad
class Foo
def foo
begin
do_something do
something
end
rescue
something
end
true
end
end
# good
class Foo
def foo
begin
do_something do
something
end
rescue
something
end
end
endAvoid comma after the last parameter in a method call, especially when the parameters are not on separate lines.
# bad - easier to move/add/remove parameters, but still not preferred
some_method(
size,
count,
color,
)
# bad
some_method(size, count, color, )
# good
some_method(size, count, color)Use spaces around the = operator when assigning default values to method parameters:
# bad
def some_method(arg1=:default, arg2=nil, arg3=[])
# do something...
end
# good
def some_method(arg1 = :default, arg2 = nil, arg3 = [])
# do something...
endWhile several Ruby books suggest the first style, the second is much more prominent in practice (and arguably a bit more readable).
Avoid line continuation with \ where not required.
In practice, avoid using line continuations for anything but string concatenation.
# bad (\ is not needed here)
result = 1 - \
2
# bad (\ is required, but still ugly as hell)
result = 1 \
- 2
# good
result = 1 -
2
long_string = 'First part of the long string' \
' and second part of the long string'Adopt a consistent multi-line method chaining style.
There are two popular styles in the Ruby community, both of which are considered good - leading . and trailing ..
When continuing a chained method call on another line, keep the . on the second line.
# bad - need to consult first line to understand second line
one.two.three.
four
# good - it's immediately clear what's going on the second line
one.two.three
.fourWhen continuing a chained method call on another line, include the . on the first line to indicate that the expression continues.
# bad - need to read ahead to the second line to know that the chain continues
one.two.three
.four
# good - it's immediately clear that the expression continues beyond the first line
one.two.three.
fourA discussion on the merits of both alternative styles can be found here.
Align the arguments of a method call if they span more than one line. When aligning arguments is not appropriate due to line-length constraints, single indent for the lines after the first is also acceptable.
# starting point (line is too long)
def send_mail(source)
Mailer.deliver(to: 'bob@example.com', from: 'us@example.com', subject: 'Important message', body: source.text)
end
# bad (double indent)
def send_mail(source)
Mailer.deliver(
to: 'bob@example.com',
from: 'us@example.com',
subject: 'Important message',
body: source.text)
end
# good
def send_mail(source)
Mailer.deliver(to: 'bob@example.com',
from: 'us@example.com',
subject: 'Important message',
body: source.text)
end
# good (normal indent)
def send_mail(source)
Mailer.deliver(
to: 'bob@example.com',
from: 'us@example.com',
subject: 'Important message',
body: source.text
)
end|
Important
|
As of Ruby 2.7 braces around an options hash are no longer optional. |
Omit the outer braces around an implicit options hash.
# bad
user.set({ name: 'John', age: 45, permissions: { read: true } })
# good
user.set(name: 'John', age: 45, permissions: { read: true })Omit both the outer braces and parentheses for methods that are part of an internal DSL (e.g., Rake, Rails, RSpec).
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
# bad
attr_reader(:name, :age)
# good
attr_reader :name, :age
# bad
validates(:name, { presence: true, length: { within: 1..10 } })
# good
validates :name, presence: true, length: { within: 1..10 }
endDo not put a space between a method name and the opening parenthesis.
# bad
puts (x + y)
# good
puts(x + y)Do not put a space between a receiver name and the opening brackets.
# bad
collection [index_or_key]
# good
collection[index_or_key]Align the elements of array literals spanning multiple lines.
# bad - single indent
menu_item = %w[Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam
Baked beans Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam]
# good
menu_item = %w[
Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam
Baked beans Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam
]
# good
menu_item =
%w[Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam
Baked beans Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam]The only real difficulties in programming are cache invalidation and naming things.
Name identifiers in English.
# bad - identifier is a Bulgarian word, using non-ascii (Cyrillic) characters
заплата = 1_000
# bad - identifier is a Bulgarian word, written with Latin letters (instead of Cyrillic)
zaplata = 1_000
# good
salary = 1_000Use snake_case for symbols, methods and variables.
# bad
:'some symbol'
:SomeSymbol
:someSymbol
someVar = 5
def someMethod
# some code
end
def SomeMethod
# some code
end
# good
:some_symbol
some_var = 5
def some_method
# some code
endDo not separate numbers from letters on symbols, methods and variables.
# bad
:some_sym_1
some_var_1 = 1
var_10 = 10
def some_method_1
# some code
end
# good
:some_sym1
some_var1 = 1
var10 = 10
def some_method1
# some code
end|
Note
|
CapitalCase is also known as UpperCamelCase, CapitalWords
and PascalCase.
|
Use CapitalCase for classes and modules.
(Keep acronyms like HTTP, RFC, XML uppercase).
# bad
class Someclass
# some code
end
class Some_Class
# some code
end
class SomeXml
# some code
end
class XmlSomething
# some code
end
# good
class SomeClass
# some code
end
class SomeXML
# some code
end
class XMLSomething
# some code
endUse snake_case for naming files, e.g. hello_world.rb.
Use snake_case for naming directories, e.g. lib/hello_world/hello_world.rb.
Aim to have just a single class/module per source file.
Name the file name as the class/module, but replacing CapitalCase with snake_case.
Use SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE for other constants (those that don’t refer to classes and modules).
# bad
SomeConst = 5
# good
SOME_CONST = 5The names of predicate methods (methods that return a boolean value) should end in a question mark (i.e. Array#empty?).
Methods that don’t return a boolean, shouldn’t end in a question mark.
# bad
def even(value)
end
# good
def even?(value)
endAvoid prefixing predicate methods with the auxiliary verbs such as is, does, or can.
These words are redundant and inconsistent with the style of boolean methods in the Ruby core library, such as empty? and include?.
# bad
class Person
def is_tall?
true
end
def can_play_basketball?
false
end
def does_like_candy?
true
end
end
# good
class Person
def tall?
true
end
def basketball_player?
false
end
def likes_candy?
true
end
endThe names of potentially dangerous methods (i.e. methods that modify self or the arguments, exit! (doesn’t run the finalizers like exit does), etc) should end with an exclamation mark if there exists a safe version of that dangerous method.
# bad - there is no matching 'safe' method
class Person
def update!
end
end
# good
class Person
def update
end
end
# good
class Person
def update!
end
def update
end
endDefine the non-bang (safe) method in terms of the bang (dangerous) one if possible.
class Array
def flatten_once!
res = []
each do |e|
[*e].each { |f| res << f }
end
replace(res)
end
def flatten_once
dup.flatten_once!
end
endPrefix with _ unused block parameters and local variables.
It’s also acceptable to use just _ (although it’s a bit less descriptive).
This convention is recognized by the Ruby interpreter and tools like RuboCop will suppress their unused variable warnings.
# bad
result = hash.map { |k, v| v + 1 }
def something(x)
unused_var, used_var = something_else(x)
# some code
end
# good
result = hash.map { |_k, v| v + 1 }
def something(x)
_unused_var, used_var = something_else(x)
# some code
end
# good
result = hash.map { |_, v| v + 1 }
def something(x)
_, used_var = something_else(x)
# some code
endWhen defining binary operators and operator-alike methods, name the parameter other for operators with "symmetrical" semantics of operands.
Symmetrical semantics means both sides of the operator are typically of the same or coercible types.
Operators and operator-alike methods with symmetrical semantics (the parameter should be named other): `, `-`, `+, /, %, *, ==, >, <, |, &, ^, eql?, equal?.
Operators with non-symmetrical semantics (the parameter should not be named other): <<, [] (collection/item relations between operands), === (pattern/matchable relations).
Note that the rule should be followed only if both sides of the operator have the same semantics.
Prominent exception in Ruby core is, for example, Array#*(int).
# good
def +(other)
# body omitted
end
# bad
def <<(other)
@internal << other
end
# good
def <<(item)
@internal << item
end
# bad
# Returns some string multiplied `other` times
def *(other)
# body omitted
end
# good
# Returns some string multiplied `num` times
def *(num)
# body omitted
endDo not use for, unless you know exactly why.
Most of the time iterators should be used instead.
for is implemented in terms of each (so you’re adding a level of indirection), but with a twist - for doesn’t introduce a new scope (unlike each) and variables defined in its block will be visible outside it.
arr = [1, 2, 3]
# bad
for elem in arr do
puts elem
end
# note that elem is accessible outside of the for loop
elem # => 3
# good
arr.each { |elem| puts elem }
# elem is not accessible outside each block
elem # => NameError: undefined local variable or method `elem'Do not use then for multi-line if/unless/when/in.
# bad
if some_condition then
# body omitted
end
# bad
case foo
when bar then
# body omitted
end
# bad
case expression
in pattern then
# body omitted
end
# good
if some_condition
# body omitted
end
# good
case foo
when bar
# body omitted
end
# good
case expression
in pattern
# body omitted
endAlways put the condition on the same line as the if/unless in a multi-line conditional.
# bad
if
some_condition
do_something
do_something_else
end
# good
if some_condition
do_something
do_something_else
endPrefer the ternary operator(?:) over if/then/else/end constructs.
It’s more common and obviously more concise.
# bad
result = if some_condition then something else something_else end
# good
result = some_condition ? something : something_elseUse one expression per branch in a ternary operator.
This also means that ternary operators must not be nested.
Prefer if/else constructs in these cases.
# bad
some_condition ? (nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else) : something_else
# good
if some_condition
nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else
else
something_else
endDo not use if x; …. Use the ternary operator instead.
# bad
result = if some_condition; something else something_else end
# good
result = some_condition ? something : something_elsePrefer case over if-elsif when compared value is the same in each clause.
# bad
if status == :active
perform_action
elsif status == :inactive || status == :hibernating
check_timeout
else
final_action
end
# good
case status
when :active
perform_action
when :inactive, :hibernating
check_timeout
else
final_action
endLeverage the fact that if and case are expressions which return a result.
# bad
if condition
result = x
else
result = y
end
# good
result =
if condition
x
else
y
endUse when x then … for one-line cases.
|
Note
|
The alternative syntax when x: … has been removed as of Ruby 1.9.
|
Do not use when x; …. See the previous rule.
Do not use in pattern; …. Use in pattern then … for one-line in pattern branches.
# bad
case expression
in pattern; do_something
end
# good
case expression
in pattern then do_something
endUse ! instead of not.
# bad - parentheses are required because of op precedence
x = (not something)
# good
x = !somethingAvoid unnecessary uses of !!
!! converts a value to boolean, but you don’t need this explicit conversion in the condition of a control expression; using it only obscures your intention.
Consider using it only when there is a valid reason to restrict the result true or false. Examples include outputting to a particular format or API like JSON, or as the return value of a predicate? method. In these cases, also consider doing a nil check instead: !something.nil?.
# bad
x = 'test'
# obscure nil check
if !!x
# body omitted
end
# good
x = 'test'
if x
# body omitted
end
# good
def named?
!name.nil?
end
# good
def banned?
!!banned_until&.future?
endDo not use and and or in boolean context - and and or are control flow
operators and should be used as such. They have very low precedence, and can be
used as a short form of specifying flow sequences like "evaluate expression 1,
and only if it is not successful (returned nil), evaluate expression 2". This
is especially useful for raising errors or early return without breaking the
reading flow.
# good: and/or for control flow
x = extract_arguments or raise ArgumentError, "Not enough arguments!"
user.suspended? and return :denied
# bad
# and/or in conditions (their precedence is low, might produce unexpected result)
if got_needed_arguments and arguments_valid
# ...body omitted
end
# in logical expression calculation
ok = got_needed_arguments and arguments_valid
# good
# &&/|| in conditions
if got_needed_arguments && arguments_valid
# ...body omitted
end
# in logical expression calculation
ok = got_needed_arguments && arguments_valid
# bad
# &&/|| for control flow (can lead to very surprising results)
x = extract_arguments || raise(ArgumentError, "Not enough arguments!")Avoid several control flow operators in one expression, as that quickly becomes confusing:
# bad
# Did author mean conditional return because `#log` could result in `nil`?
# ...or was it just to have a smart one-liner?
x = extract_arguments and log("extracted") and return
# good
# If the intention was conditional return
x = extract_arguments
if x
return if log("extracted")
end
# If the intention was just "log, then return"
x = extract_arguments
if x
log("extracted")
return
end|
Note
|
Whether organizing control flow with and and or is a good idea has been a controversial topic in the community for a long time. But if you do, prefer these operators over &&/||. As the different operators are meant to have different semantics that makes it easier to reason whether you’re dealing with a logical expression (that will get reduced to a boolean value) or with flow of control.
|
and and or as logical operators a bad idea?Simply put - because they add some cognitive overhead, as they don’t behave like similarly named logical operators in other languages.
First of all, and and or operators have lower precedence than the = operator, whereas the && and || operators have higher precedence than the = operator, based on order of operations.
foo = true and false # results in foo being equal to true. Equivalent to (foo = true) and false
bar = false or true # results in bar being equal to false. Equivalent to (bar = false) or trueAlso && has higher precedence than ||, where as and and or have the same one. Funny enough, even though and and or
were inspired by Perl, they don’t have different precedence in Perl.
true or true and false # => false (it's effectively (true or true) and false)
true || true && false # => true (it's effectively true || (true && false)
false or true and false # => false (it's effectively (false or true) and false)
false || true && false # => false (it's effectively false || (true && false))Avoid multi-line ?: (the ternary operator); use if/unless instead.
Prefer modifier if/unless usage when you have a single-line body.
Another good alternative is the usage of control flow and/or.
# bad
if some_condition
do_something
end
# good
do_something if some_condition
# another good option
some_condition and do_somethingAvoid modifier if/unless usage at the end of a non-trivial multi-line block.
# bad
10.times do
# multi-line body omitted
end if some_condition
# good
if some_condition
10.times do
# multi-line body omitted
end
endAvoid nested modifier if/unless/while/until usage.
Prefer &&/|| if appropriate.
# bad
do_something if other_condition if some_condition
# good
do_something if some_condition && other_conditionPrefer unless over if for negative conditions (or control flow ||).
# bad
do_something if !some_condition
# bad
do_something if not some_condition
# good
do_something unless some_condition
# another good option
some_condition || do_somethingDo not use unless with else.
Rewrite these with the positive case first.
# bad
unless success?
puts 'failure'
else
puts 'success'
end
# good
if success?
puts 'success'
else
puts 'failure'
endDon’t use parentheses around the condition of a control expression.
# bad
if (x > 10)
# body omitted
end
# good
if x > 10
# body omitted
end|
Note
|
There is an exception to this rule, namely safe assignment in condition. |
Do not use while/until condition do for multi-line while/until.
# bad
while x > 5 do
# body omitted
end
until x > 5 do
# body omitted
end
# good
while x > 5
# body omitted
end
until x > 5
# body omitted
endPrefer modifier while/until usage when you have a single-line body.
# bad
while some_condition
do_something
end
# good
do_something while some_conditionPrefer until over while for negative conditions.
# bad
do_something while !some_condition
# good
do_something until some_conditionUse Kernel#loop instead of while/until when you need an infinite loop.
# bad
while true
do_something
end
until false
do_something
end
# good
loop do
do_something
endUse Kernel#loop with break rather than begin/end/until or begin/end/while for post-loop tests.
# bad
begin
puts val
val += 1
end while val < 0
# good
loop do
puts val
val += 1
break unless val < 0
endAvoid return where not required for flow of control.
# bad
def some_method(some_arr)
return some_arr.size
end
# good
def some_method(some_arr)
some_arr.size
endAvoid self where not required.
(It is only required when calling a self write accessor, methods named after reserved words, or overloadable operators.)
# bad
def ready?
if self.last_reviewed_at > self.last_updated_at
self.worker.update(self.content, self.options)
self.status = :in_progress
end
self.status == :verified
end
# good
def ready?
if last_reviewed_at > last_updated_at
worker.update(content, options)
self.status = :in_progress
end
status == :verified
endAs a corollary, avoid shadowing methods with local variables unless they are both equivalent.
class Foo
attr_accessor :options
# ok
def initialize(options)
self.options = options
# both options and self.options are equivalent here
end
# bad
def do_something(options = {})
unless options[:when] == :later
output(self.options[:message])
end
end
# good
def do_something(params = {})
unless params[:when] == :later
output(options[:message])
end
end
endDon’t use the return value of = (an assignment) in conditional expressions unless the assignment is wrapped in parentheses.
This is a fairly popular idiom among Rubyists that’s sometimes referred to as safe assignment in condition.
# bad (+ a warning)
if v = array.grep(/foo/)
do_something(v)
# some code
end
# good (MRI would still complain, but RuboCop won't)
if (v = array.grep(/foo/))
do_something(v)
# some code
end
# good
v = array.grep(/foo/)
if v
do_something(v)
# some code
endAvoid the use of BEGIN blocks.
Do not use END blocks. Use Kernel#at_exit instead.
# bad
END { puts 'Goodbye!' }
# good
at_exit { puts 'Goodbye!' }Avoid use of nested conditionals for flow of control.
Prefer a guard clause when you can assert invalid data. A guard clause is a conditional statement at the top of a function that bails out as soon as it can.
# bad
def compute_thing(thing)
if thing[:foo]
update_with_bar(thing[:foo])
if thing[:foo][:bar]
partial_compute(thing)
else
re_compute(thing)
end
end
end
# good
def compute_thing(thing)
return unless thing[:foo]
update_with_bar(thing[:foo])
return re_compute(thing) unless thing[:foo][:bar]
partial_compute(thing)
endPrefer next in loops instead of conditional blocks.
# bad
[0, 1, 2, 3].each do |item|
if item > 1
puts item
end
end
# good
[0, 1, 2, 3].each do |item|
next unless item > 1
puts item
endPrefer raise over fail for exceptions.
# bad
fail SomeException, 'message'
# good
raise SomeException, 'message'Don’t specify RuntimeError explicitly in the two argument version of raise.
# bad
raise RuntimeError, 'message'
# good - signals a RuntimeError by default
raise 'message'Prefer supplying an exception class and a message as two separate arguments to raise, instead of an exception instance.
# bad
raise SomeException.new('message')
# Note that there is no way to do `raise SomeException.new('message'), backtrace`.
# good
raise SomeException, 'message'
# Consistent with `raise SomeException, 'message', backtrace`.Do not return from an ensure block.
If you explicitly return from a method inside an ensure block, the return will take precedence over any exception being raised, and the method will return as if no exception had been raised at all.
In effect, the exception will be silently thrown away.
# bad
def foo
raise
ensure
return 'very bad idea'
endUse implicit begin blocks where possible.
# bad
def foo
begin
# main logic goes here
rescue
# failure handling goes here
end
end
# good
def foo
# main logic goes here
rescue
# failure handling goes here
endMitigate the proliferation of begin blocks by using contingency methods (a term coined by Avdi Grimm).
# bad
begin
something_that_might_fail
rescue IOError
# handle IOError
end
begin
something_else_that_might_fail
rescue IOError
# handle IOError
end
# good
def with_io_error_handling
yield
rescue IOError
# handle IOError
end
with_io_error_handling { something_that_might_fail }
with_io_error_handling { something_else_that_might_fail }Don’t suppress exceptions.
# bad
begin
do_something # an exception occurs here
rescue SomeError
end
# good
begin
do_something # an exception occurs here
rescue SomeError
handle_exception
end
# good
begin
do_something # an exception occurs here
rescue SomeError
# Notes on why exception handling is not performed
end
# good
do_something rescue nilAvoid using rescue in its modifier form.
# bad - this catches exceptions of StandardError class and its descendant classes
read_file rescue handle_error($!)
# good - this catches only the exceptions of Errno::ENOENT class and its descendant classes
def foo
read_file
rescue Errno::ENOENT => e
handle_error(e)
endDon’t use exceptions for flow of control.
# bad
begin
n / d
rescue ZeroDivisionError
puts 'Cannot divide by 0!'
end
# good
if d.zero?
puts 'Cannot divide by 0!'
else
n / d
endAvoid rescuing the Exception class.
This will trap signals and calls to exit, requiring you to kill -9 the process.
# bad
begin
# calls to exit and kill signals will be caught (except kill -9)
exit
rescue Exception
puts "you didn't really want to exit, right?"
# exception handling
end
# good
begin
# a blind rescue rescues from StandardError, not Exception as many
# programmers assume.
rescue => e
# exception handling
end
# also good
begin
# an exception occurs here
rescue StandardError => e
# exception handling
endPut more specific exceptions higher up the rescue chain, otherwise they’ll never be rescued from.
# bad
begin
# some code
rescue StandardError => e
# some handling
rescue IOError => e
# some handling that will never be executed
end
# good
begin
# some code
rescue IOError => e
# some handling
rescue StandardError => e
# some handling
endUse the convenience methods File.read or File.binread when only reading a file start to finish in a single operation.
## text mode
# bad (only when reading from beginning to end - modes: 'r', 'rt', 'r+', 'r+t')
File.open(filename).read
File.open(filename, &:read)
File.open(filename) { |f| f.read }
File.open(filename) do |f|
f.read
end
File.open(filename, 'r').read
File.open(filename, 'r', &:read)
File.open(filename, 'r') { |f| f.read }
File.open(filename, 'r') do |f|
f.read
end
# good
File.read(filename)
## binary mode
# bad (only when reading from beginning to end - modes: 'rb', 'r+b')
File.open(filename, 'rb').read
File.open(filename, 'rb', &:read)
File.open(filename, 'rb') { |f| f.read }
File.open(filename, 'rb') do |f|
f.read
end
# good
File.binread(filename)Use the convenience methods File.write or File.binwrite when only opening a file to create / replace its content in a single operation.
## text mode
# bad (only truncating modes: 'w', 'wt', 'w+', 'w+t')
File.open(filename, 'w').write(content)
File.open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.write(content) }
File.open(filename, 'w') do |f|
f.write(content)
end
# good
File.write(filename, content)
## binary mode
# bad (only truncating modes: 'wb', 'w+b')
File.open(filename, 'wb').write(content)
File.open(filename, 'wb') { |f| f.write(content) }
File.open(filename, 'wb') do |f|
f.write(content)
end
# good
File.binwrite(filename, content)Release external resources obtained by your program in an ensure block.
f = File.open('testfile')
begin
# .. process
rescue
# .. handle error
ensure
f.close if f
endUse versions of resource obtaining methods that do automatic resource cleanup when possible.
# bad - you need to close the file descriptor explicitly
f = File.open('testfile')
# some action on the file
f.close
# good - the file descriptor is closed automatically
File.open('testfile') do |f|
# some action on the file
endWhen doing file operations after confirming the existence check of a file, frequent parallel file operations may cause problems that are difficult to reproduce. Therefore, it is preferable to use atomic file operations.
# bad - race condition with another process may result in an error in `mkdir`
unless Dir.exist?(path)
FileUtils.mkdir(path)
end
# good - atomic and idempotent creation
FileUtils.mkdir_p(path)
# bad - race condition with another process may result in an error in `remove`
if File.exist?(path)
FileUtils.remove(path)
end
# good - atomic and idempotent removal
FileUtils.rm_f(path)Prefer the use of exceptions from the standard library over introducing new exception classes.
Avoid the use of parallel assignment for defining variables.
Parallel assignment is allowed when it is the return of a method call (e.g. Hash#values_at), used with the splat operator, or when used to swap variable assignment.
Parallel assignment is less readable than separate assignment.
# bad
a, b, c, d = 'foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'foobar'
# good
a = 'foo'
b = 'bar'
c = 'baz'
d = 'foobar'
# good - swapping variable assignment
# Swapping variable assignment is a special case because it will allow you to
# swap the values that are assigned to each variable.
a = 'foo'
b = 'bar'
a, b = b, a
puts a # => 'bar'
puts b # => 'foo'
# good - method return
def multi_return
[1, 2]
end
first, second = multi_return
# good - use with splat
first, *list = [1, 2, 3, 4] # first => 1, list => [2, 3, 4]
hello_array = *'Hello' # => ["Hello"]
a = *(1..3) # => [1, 2, 3]Use parallel assignment when swapping 2 values.
# bad
tmp = x
x = y
y = tmp
# good
x, y = y, xAvoid the use of unnecessary trailing underscore variables during parallel assignment. Named underscore variables are to be preferred over underscore variables because of the context that they provide. Trailing underscore variables are necessary when there is a splat variable defined on the left side of the assignment, and the splat variable is not an underscore.
# bad
foo = 'one,two,three,four,five'
# Unnecessary assignment that does not provide useful information
first, second, _ = foo.split(',')
first, _, _ = foo.split(',')
first, *_ = foo.split(',')
# good
foo = 'one,two,three,four,five'
# The underscores are needed to show that you want all elements
# except for the last number of underscore elements
*beginning, _ = foo.split(',')
*beginning, something, _ = foo.split(',')
a, = foo.split(',')
a, b, = foo.split(',')
# Unnecessary assignment to an unused variable, but the assignment
# provides us with useful information.
first, _second = foo.split(',')
first, _second, = foo.split(',')
first, *_ending = foo.split(',')Use shorthand self assignment operators whenever applicable.
# bad
x = x + y
x = x * y
x = x**y
x = x / y
x = x || y
x = x && y
# good
x += y
x *= y
x **= y
x /= y
x ||= y
x &&= yUse ||= to initialize variables only if they’re not already initialized.
# bad
name = name ? name : 'Bozhidar'
# bad
name = 'Bozhidar' unless name
# good - set name to 'Bozhidar', only if it's nil or false
name ||= 'Bozhidar'|
Warning
|
Don’t use # bad - would set enabled to true even if it was false
enabled ||= true
# good
enabled = true if enabled.nil? |
Use &&= to preprocess variables that may or may not exist.
Using &&= will change the value only if it exists, removing the need to check its existence with if.
# bad
if something
something = something.downcase
end
# bad
something = something ? something.downcase : nil
# ok
something = something.downcase if something
# good
something = something && something.downcase
# better
something &&= something.downcasePrefer equal? over == when comparing object_id. Object#equal? is provided to compare objects for identity, and in contrast Object#== is provided for the purpose of doing value comparison.
# bad
foo.object_id == bar.object_id
# good
foo.equal?(bar)Similarly, prefer using Hash#compare_by_identity than using object_id for keys:
# bad
hash = {}
hash[foo.object_id] = :bar
if hash.key?(baz.object_id) # ...
# good
hash = {}.compare_by_identity
hash[foo] = :bar
if hash.key?(baz) # ...Note that Set also has Set#compare_by_identity available.
Avoid explicit use of the case equality operator ===.
As its name implies it is meant to be used implicitly by case expressions and outside of them it yields some pretty confusing code.
# bad
Array === something
(1..100) === 7
/something/ === some_string
# good
something.is_a?(Array)
(1..100).include?(7)
some_string.match?(/something/)|
Note
|
With direct subclasses of BasicObject, using is_a? is not an option since BasicObject doesn’t provide that method (it’s defined in Object). In those
rare cases it’s OK to use ===.
|
Prefer is_a? over kind_of?. The two methods are synonyms, but is_a? is the more commonly used name in the wild.
# bad
something.kind_of?(Array)
# good
something.is_a?(Array)Prefer is_a? over instance_of?.
While the two methods are similar, is_a? will consider the whole inheritance
chain (superclasses and included modules), which is what you normally would want
to do. instance_of?, on the other hand, only returns true if an object is an
instance of that exact class you’re checking for, not a subclass.
# bad
something.instance_of?(Array)
# good
something.is_a?(Array)Use Object#instance_of? instead of class comparison for equality.
# bad
var.class == Date
var.class.equal?(Date)
var.class.eql?(Date)
var.class.name == 'Date'
# good
var.instance_of?(Date)Do not use eql? when using == will do.
The stricter comparison semantics provided by eql? are rarely needed in practice.
# bad - eql? is the same as == for strings
'ruby'.eql? some_str
# good
'ruby' == some_str
1.0.eql? x # eql? makes sense here if want to differentiate between Integer and Float 1Use the Proc call shorthand when the called method is the only operation of a block.
# bad
names.map { |name| name.upcase }
# good
names.map(&:upcase)Prefer {…} over do…end for single-line blocks.
Avoid using {…} for multi-line blocks (multi-line chaining is always ugly).
Always use do…end for "control flow" and "method definitions" (e.g. in Rakefiles and certain DSLs).
Avoid do…end when chaining.
names = %w[Bozhidar Filipp Sarah]
# bad
names.each do |name|
puts name
end
# good
names.each { |name| puts name }
# bad
names.select do |name|
name.start_with?('S')
end.map { |name| name.upcase }
# good
names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') }.map(&:upcase)Some will argue that multi-line chaining would look OK with the use of {…}, but they should ask themselves - is this code really readable and can the blocks' contents be extracted into nifty methods?
Use multi-line do…end block instead of single-line do…end block.
# bad
foo do |arg| bar(arg) end
# good
foo do |arg|
bar(arg)
end
# bad
->(arg) do bar(arg) end
# good
->(arg) { bar(arg) }Consider using explicit block argument to avoid writing block literal that just passes its arguments to another block.
require 'tempfile'
# bad
def with_tmp_dir
Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp_dir|
Dir.chdir(tmp_dir) { |dir| yield dir } # block just passes arguments
end
end
# good
def with_tmp_dir(&block)
Dir.mktmpdir do |tmp_dir|
Dir.chdir(tmp_dir, &block)
end
end
with_tmp_dir do |dir|
puts "dir is accessible as a parameter and pwd is set: #{dir}"
endAvoid comma after the last parameter in a block, except in cases where only a single argument is present and its removal would affect functionality (for instance, array destructuring).
# bad - easier to move/add/remove parameters, but still not preferred
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].each do |a, b, c,|
a + b + c
end
# good
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].each do |a, b, c|
a + b + c
end
# bad
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].each { |a, b, c,| a + b + c }
# good
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].each { |a, b, c| a + b + c }
# good - this comma is meaningful for array destructuring
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].map { |a,| a }Do not use nested method definitions, use lambda instead. Nested method definitions actually produce methods in the same scope (e.g. class) as the outer method. Furthermore, the "nested method" will be redefined every time the method containing its definition is called.
# bad
def foo(x)
def bar(y)
# body omitted
end
bar(x)
end
# good - the same as the previous, but no bar redefinition on every foo call
def bar(y)
# body omitted
end
def foo(x)
bar(x)
end
# also good
def foo(x)
bar = ->(y) { ... }
bar.call(x)
endUse the new lambda literal syntax for single-line body blocks.
Use the lambda method for multi-line blocks.
# bad
l = lambda { |a, b| a + b }
l.call(1, 2)
# correct, but looks extremely awkward
l = ->(a, b) do
tmp = a * 7
tmp * b / 50
end
# good
l = ->(a, b) { a + b }
l.call(1, 2)
l = lambda do |a, b|
tmp = a * 7
tmp * b / 50
endDon’t omit the parameter parentheses when defining a stabby lambda with parameters.
# bad
l = ->x, y { something(x, y) }
# good
l = ->(x, y) { something(x, y) }Omit the parameter parentheses when defining a stabby lambda with no parameters.
# bad
l = ->() { something }
# good
l = -> { something }Prefer proc over Proc.new.
# bad
p = Proc.new { |n| puts n }
# good
p = proc { |n| puts n }Prefer proc.call() over proc[] or proc.() for both lambdas and procs.
# bad - looks similar to Enumeration access
l = ->(v) { puts v }
l[1]
# bad - most compact form, but might be confusing for newcomers to Ruby
l = ->(v) { puts v }
l.(1)
# good - a bit verbose, but crystal clear
l = ->(v) { puts v }
l.call(1)Avoid methods longer than 10 LOC (lines of code). Ideally, most methods will be shorter than 5 LOC. Empty lines do not contribute to the relevant LOC.
Avoid top-level method definitions. Organize them in modules, classes or structs instead.
|
Note
|
It is fine to use top-level method definitions in scripts. |
# bad
def some_method; end
# good
class SomeClass
def some_method; end
endAvoid single-line methods. Although they are somewhat popular in the wild, there are a few peculiarities about their definition syntax that make their use undesirable. At any rate - there should be no more than one expression in a single-line method.
|
Note
|
Ruby 3 introduced an alternative syntax for single-line method definitions, that’s discussed in the next section of the guide. |
# bad
def too_much; something; something_else; end
# okish - notice that the first ; is required
def no_braces_method; body end
# okish - notice that the second ; is optional
def no_braces_method; body; end
# okish - valid syntax, but no ; makes it kind of hard to read
def some_method() body end
# good
def some_method
body
endOne exception to the rule are empty-body methods.
# good
def no_op; endOnly use Ruby 3.0’s endless method definitions with a single line body. Ideally, such method definitions should be both simple (a single expression) and free of side effects.
|
Note
|
It’s important to understand that this guideline doesn’t contradict the previous one. We still caution against the use of single-line method definitions, but if such methods are to be used, prefer endless methods. |
# bad
def fib(x) = if x < 2
x
else
fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2)
end
# good
def the_answer = 42
def get_x = @x
def square(x) = x * x
# Not (so) good: has side effect
def set_x(x) = (@x = x)
def print_foo = puts("foo")Keywords with lower precedence than = can appear ambiguous when used after an endless method definition. This includes and, or, and the modifier forms of if, unless, while, and until. In these cases, the code may appear to include these keywords as part of the method body, but instead they actually modify the method definition itself.
In this cases, prefer using a normal method over an endless method.
# bad
def foo = true if bar
# good - using a non-endless method is more explicit
def foo
true
end if bar
# ok - method body is explicit
def foo = (true if bar)
# ok - method definition is explicit
(def foo = true) if barUse :: only to reference constants (this includes classes and modules) and constructors (like Array() or Nokogiri::HTML()).
Do not use :: for regular method calls.
# bad
SomeClass::some_method
some_object::some_method
# good
SomeClass.some_method
some_object.some_method
SomeModule::SomeClass::SOME_CONST
SomeModule::SomeClass()Do not use :: to define class methods.
# bad
class Foo
def self::some_method
end
end
# good
class Foo
def self.some_method
end
endUse def with parentheses when there are parameters.
Omit the parentheses when the method doesn’t accept any parameters.
# bad
def some_method()
# body omitted
end
# good
def some_method
# body omitted
end
# bad
def some_method_with_parameters param1, param2
# body omitted
end
# good
def some_method_with_parameters(param1, param2)
# body omitted
endUse parentheses around the arguments of method calls, especially if the first argument begins with an open parenthesis (, as in f((3 + 2) + 1).
# bad
x = Math.sin y
# good
x = Math.sin(y)
# bad
array.delete e
# good
array.delete(e)
# bad
temperance = Person.new 'Temperance', 30
# good
temperance = Person.new('Temperance', 30)Always omit parentheses for method calls with no arguments.
# bad
Kernel.exit!()
2.even?()
fork()
'test'.upcase()
# good
Kernel.exit!
2.even?
fork
'test'.upcaseAlways omit parentheses for methods that have "keyword" status in Ruby.
|
Note
|
Unfortunately, it’s not exactly clear which methods have "keyword" status. There is agreement that declarative methods have "keyword" status. However, there’s less agreement on which non-declarative methods, if any, have "keyword" status. |
For non-declarative methods with "keyword" status (e.g., various Kernel instance methods), two styles are considered acceptable.
By far the most popular style is to omit parentheses.
Rationale: The code reads better, and method calls look more like keywords.
A less-popular style, but still acceptable, is to include parentheses.
Rationale: The methods have ordinary semantics, so why treat them differently, and it’s easier to achieve a uniform style by not worrying about which methods have "keyword" status.
Whichever one you pick, apply it consistently.
# good (most popular)
puts temperance.age
system 'ls'
exit 1
# also good (less popular)
puts(temperance.age)
system('ls')
exit(1)Always use parentheses when calling super with arguments:
# bad
super name, age
# good
super(name, age)|
Important
|
When calling super without arguments, super and super() mean different things. Decide what is appropriate for your usage.
|
Avoid parameter lists longer than three or four parameters.
Define optional arguments at the end of the list of arguments. Ruby has some unexpected results when calling methods that have optional arguments at the front of the list.
# bad
def some_method(a = 1, b = 2, c, d)
puts "#{a}, #{b}, #{c}, #{d}"
end
some_method('w', 'x') # => '1, 2, w, x'
some_method('w', 'x', 'y') # => 'w, 2, x, y'
some_method('w', 'x', 'y', 'z') # => 'w, x, y, z'
# good
def some_method(c, d, a = 1, b = 2)
puts "#{a}, #{b}, #{c}, #{d}"
end
some_method('w', 'x') # => '1, 2, w, x'
some_method('w', 'x', 'y') # => 'y, 2, w, x'
some_method('w', 'x', 'y', 'z') # => 'y, z, w, x'Put required keyword arguments before optional keyword arguments. Otherwise, it’s much harder to spot optional keyword arguments there, if they’re hidden somewhere in the middle.
# bad
def some_method(foo: false, bar:, baz: 10)
# body omitted
end
# good
def some_method(bar:, foo: false, baz: 10)
# body omitted
endUse keyword arguments when passing a boolean argument to a method.
# bad
def some_method(bar = false)
puts bar
end
# bad - common hack before keyword args were introduced
def some_method(options = {})
bar = options.fetch(:bar, false)
puts bar
end
# good
def some_method(bar: false)
puts bar
end
some_method # => false
some_method(bar: true) # => truePrefer keyword arguments over optional arguments.
# bad
def some_method(a, b = 5, c = 1)
# body omitted
end
# good
def some_method(a, b: 5, c: 1)
# body omitted
endUse keyword arguments instead of option hashes.
# bad
def some_method(options = {})
bar = options.fetch(:bar, false)
puts bar
end
# good
def some_method(bar: false)
puts bar
endWhen passing an existing hash as keyword arguments, add additional arguments directly rather than using merge.
# bad
some_method(**opts.merge(foo: true))
# good
some_method(**opts, foo: true)Use Ruby 2.7’s arguments forwarding.
# bad
def some_method(*args, &block)
other_method(*args, &block)
end
# bad
def some_method(*args, **kwargs, &block)
other_method(*args, **kwargs, &block)
end
# bad
# Please note that it can cause unexpected incompatible behavior
# because `...` forwards block also.
# https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/7549
def some_method(*args)
other_method(*args)
end
# good
def some_method(...)
other_method(...)
endUse Ruby 3.1’s anonymous block forwarding.
In most cases, block argument is given name similar to &block or &proc. Their names have no information and & will be sufficient for syntactic meaning.
# bad
def some_method(&block)
other_method(&block)
end
# good
def some_method(&)
other_method(&)
endIf you really need "global" methods, add them to Kernel and make them private.
Use a consistent structure in your class definitions.
class Person
# extend/include/prepend go first
extend SomeModule
include AnotherModule
prepend YetAnotherModule
# inner classes
class CustomError < StandardError
end
# constants are next
SOME_CONSTANT = 20
# afterwards we have attribute macros
attr_reader :name
# followed by other macros (if any)
validates :name
# public class methods are next in line
def self.some_method
end
# initialization goes between class methods and other instance methods
def initialize
end
# followed by other public instance methods
def some_method
end
# protected and private methods are grouped near the end
protected
def some_protected_method
end
private
def some_private_method
end
endSplit multiple mixins into separate statements.
# bad
class Person
include Foo, Bar
end
# good
class Person
# multiple mixins go in separate statements
include Foo
include Bar
endPrefer a two-line format for class definitions with no body. It is easiest to read, understand, and modify.
# bad
FooError = Class.new(StandardError)
# okish
class FooError < StandardError; end
# ok
class FooError < StandardError
end|
Note
|
Many editors/tools will fail to understand properly the usage of Class.new.
Someone trying to locate the class definition might try a grep "class FooError".
A final difference is that the name of your class is not available to the inherited
callback of the base class with the Class.new form.
In general it’s better to stick to the basic two-line style.
|
Don’t nest multi-line classes within classes. Try to have such nested classes each in their own file in a folder named like the containing class.
# bad
# foo.rb
class Foo
class Bar
# 30 methods inside
end
class Car
# 20 methods inside
end
# 30 methods inside
end
# good
# foo.rb
class Foo
# 30 methods inside
end
# foo/bar.rb
class Foo
class Bar
# 30 methods inside
end
end
# foo/car.rb
class Foo
class Car
# 20 methods inside
end
endDefine (and reopen) namespaced classes and modules using explicit nesting. Using the scope resolution operator can lead to surprising constant lookups due to Ruby’s lexical scoping, which depends on the module nesting at the point of definition.
module Utilities
class Queue
end
end
# bad
class Utilities::Store
Module.nesting # => [Utilities::Store]
def initialize
# Refers to the top level ::Queue class because Utilities isn't in the
# current nesting chain.
@queue = Queue.new
end
end
# good
module Utilities
class WaitingList
Module.nesting # => [Utilities::WaitingList, Utilities]
def initialize
@queue = Queue.new # Refers to Utilities::Queue
end
end
endPrefer modules to classes with only class methods. Classes should be used only when it makes sense to create instances out of them.
# bad
class SomeClass
def self.some_method
# body omitted
end
def self.some_other_method
# body omitted
end
end
# good
module SomeModule
module_function
def some_method
# body omitted
end
def some_other_method
# body omitted
end
endPrefer the use of module_function over extend self when you want to turn a module’s instance methods into class methods.
# bad
module Utilities
extend self
def parse_something(string)
# do stuff here
end
def other_utility_method(number, string)
# do some more stuff
end
end
# good
module Utilities
module_function
def parse_something(string)
# do stuff here
end
def other_utility_method(number, string)
# do some more stuff
end
endWhen designing class hierarchies make sure that they conform to the Liskov Substitution Principle.
Try to make your classes as SOLID as possible.
Always supply a proper to_s method for classes that represent domain objects.
class Person
attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
def initialize(first_name, last_name)
@first_name = first_name
@last_name = last_name
end
def to_s
"#{first_name} #{last_name}"
end
endUse the attr family of functions to define trivial accessors or mutators.
# bad
class Person
def initialize(first_name, last_name)
@first_name = first_name
@last_name = last_name
end
def first_name
@first_name
end
def last_name
@last_name
end
end
# good
class Person
attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
def initialize(first_name, last_name)
@first_name = first_name
@last_name = last_name
end
endFor accessors and mutators, avoid prefixing method names with get_ and set_.
It is a Ruby convention to use attribute names for accessors (readers) and attr_name= for mutators (writers).
# bad
class Person
def get_name
"#{@first_name} #{@last_name}"
end
def set_name(name)
@first_name, @last_name = name.split(' ')
end
end
# good
class Person
def name
"#{@first_name} #{@last_name}"
end
def name=(name)
@first_name, @last_name = name.split(' ')
end
endAvoid the use of attr.
Use attr_reader and attr_accessor instead.
# bad - creates a single attribute accessor (deprecated in Ruby 1.9)
attr :something, true
attr :one, :two, :three # behaves as attr_reader
# good
attr_accessor :something
attr_reader :one, :two, :threeConsider using Struct.new, which defines the trivial accessors, constructor and comparison operators for you.
# good
class Person
attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
def initialize(first_name, last_name)
@first_name = first_name
@last_name = last_name
end
end
# better
Person = Struct.new(:first_name, :last_name) do
endDon’t extend an instance initialized by Struct.new.
Extending it introduces a superfluous class level and may also introduce weird errors if the file is required multiple times.
# bad
class Person < Struct.new(:first_name, :last_name)
end
# good
Person = Struct.new(:first_name, :last_name)Don’t extend an instance initialized by Data.define.
Extending it introduces a superfluous class level.
# bad
class Person < Data.define(:first_name, :last_name)
end
Person.ancestors
# => [Person, #<Class:0x0000000105abed88>, Data, Object, (...)]
# good
Person = Data.define(:first_name, :last_name)
Person.ancestors
# => [Person, Data, Object, (...)]Prefer duck-typing over inheritance.
# bad
class Animal
# abstract method
def speak
end
end
# extend superclass
class Duck < Animal
def speak
puts 'Quack! Quack'
end
end
# extend superclass
class Dog < Animal
def speak
puts 'Bau! Bau!'
end
end
# good
class Duck
def speak
puts 'Quack! Quack'
end
end
class Dog
def speak
puts 'Bau! Bau!'
end
endAvoid the usage of class (@@) variables due to their "nasty" behavior in inheritance.
class Parent
@@class_var = 'parent'
def self.print_class_var
puts @@class_var
end
end
class Child < Parent
@@class_var = 'child'
end
Parent.print_class_var # => will print 'child'As you can see all the classes in a class hierarchy actually share one class variable. Class instance variables should usually be preferred over class variables.
Assign proper visibility levels to methods (private, protected) in accordance with their intended usage.
Don’t go off leaving everything public (which is the default).
Indent the public, protected, and private methods as much as the method definitions they apply to.
Leave one blank line above the visibility modifier and one blank line below in order to emphasize that it applies to all methods below it.
# good
class SomeClass
def public_method
# some code
end
private
def private_method
# some code
end
def another_private_method
# some code
end
endUse def self.method to define class methods.
This makes the code easier to refactor since the class name is not repeated.
class TestClass
# bad
def TestClass.some_method
# body omitted
end
# good
def self.some_other_method
# body omitted
end
# Also possible and convenient when you
# have to define many class methods.
class << self
def first_method
# body omitted
end
def second_method_etc
# body omitted
end
end
endPrefer alias when aliasing methods in lexical class scope as the resolution of self in this context is also lexical, and it communicates clearly to the user that the indirection of your alias will not be altered at runtime or by any subclass unless made explicit.
class Westerner
def first_name
@names.first
end
alias given_name first_name
endSince alias, like def, is a keyword, prefer bareword arguments over symbols or strings.
In other words, do alias foo bar, not alias :foo :bar.
Also be aware of how Ruby handles aliases and inheritance: an alias references the method that was resolved at the time the alias was defined; it is not dispatched dynamically.
class Fugitive < Westerner
def first_name
'Nobody'
end
endIn this example, Fugitive#given_name would still call the original Westerner#first_name method, not Fugitive#first_name.
To override the behavior of Fugitive#given_name as well, you’d have to redefine it in the derived class.
class Fugitive < Westerner
def first_name
'Nobody'
end
alias given_name first_name
endAlways use alias_method when aliasing methods of modules, classes, or singleton classes at runtime, as the lexical scope of alias leads to unpredictability in these cases.
module Mononymous
def self.included(other)
other.class_eval { alias_method :full_name, :given_name }
end
end
class Sting < Westerner
include Mononymous
endWhen class (or module) methods call other such methods, omit the use of a leading self or own name followed by a . when calling other such methods.
This is often seen in "service classes" or other similar concepts where a class is treated as though it were a function.
This convention tends to reduce repetitive boilerplate in such classes.
class TestClass
# bad - more work when class renamed/method moved
def self.call(param1, param2)
TestClass.new(param1).call(param2)
end
# bad - more verbose than necessary
def self.call(param1, param2)
self.new(param1).call(param2)
end
# good
def self.call(param1, param2)
new(param1).call(param2)
end
# ...other methods...
endDo not define constants within a block, since the block’s scope does not isolate or namespace the constant in any way.
Define the constant outside of the block instead, or use a variable or method if defining the constant in the outer scope would be problematic.
# bad - FILES_TO_LINT is now defined globally
task :lint do
FILES_TO_LINT = Dir['lib/*.rb']
# ...
end
# good - files_to_lint is only defined inside the block
task :lint do
files_to_lint = Dir['lib/*.rb']
# ...
endConsider adding factory methods to provide additional sensible ways to create instances of a particular class.
class Person
def self.create(options_hash)
# body omitted
end
endIn constructors, avoid unnecessary disjunctive assignment (||=) of instance variables.
Prefer plain assignment.
In ruby, instance variables (beginning with an @) are nil until assigned a value, so in most cases the disjunction is unnecessary.
# bad
def initialize
@x ||= 1
end
# good
def initialize
@x = 1
endGood code is its own best documentation. As you’re about to add a comment, ask yourself, "How can I improve the code so that this comment isn’t needed?". Improve the code and then document it to make it even clearer.
Write self-documenting code and ignore the rest of this section. Seriously!
If the how can be made self-documenting, but not the why (e.g. the code works around non-obvious library behavior, or implements an algorithm from an academic paper), add a comment explaining the rationale behind the code.
# bad
x = BuggyClass.something.dup
def compute_dependency_graph
...30 lines of recursive graph merging...
end
# good
# BuggyClass returns an internal object, so we have to dup it to modify it.
x = BuggyClass.something.dup
# This is algorithm 6.4(a) from Worf & Yar's _Amazing Graph Algorithms_ (2243).
def compute_dependency_graph
...30 lines of recursive graph merging...
endWrite comments in English.
Use one space between the leading # character of the comment and the text of the comment.
Comments longer than a word are capitalized and use punctuation. Use one space after periods.
Keep existing comments up-to-date. An outdated comment is worse than no comment at all.
Good code is like a good joke: it needs no explanation.
through Russ Olsen
Avoid writing comments to explain bad code. Refactor the code to make it self-explanatory. ("Do or do not - there is no try." Yoda)
Annotations should usually be written on the line immediately above the relevant code.
# bad
def bar
baz(:quux) # FIXME: This has crashed occasionally since v3.2.1.
end
# good
def bar
# FIXME: This has crashed occasionally since v3.2.1.
baz(:quux)
endThe annotation keyword is followed by a colon and a space, then a note describing the problem.
# bad
def bar
# FIXME This has crashed occasionally since v3.2.1.
baz(:quux)
end
# good
def bar
# FIXME: This has crashed occasionally since v3.2.1.
baz(:quux)
endIf multiple lines are required to describe the problem, subsequent lines should be indented three spaces after the # (one general plus two for indentation purposes).
def bar
# FIXME: This has crashed occasionally since v3.2.1. It may
# be related to the BarBazUtil upgrade.
baz(:quux)
endIn cases where the problem is so obvious that any documentation would be redundant, annotations may be left at the end of the offending line with no note. This usage should be the exception and not the rule.
def bar
sleep 100 # OPTIMIZE
endUse TODO to note missing features or functionality that should be added at a later date.
Use FIXME to note broken code that needs to be fixed.
Use OPTIMIZE to note slow or inefficient code that may cause performance problems.
Use HACK to note code smells where questionable coding practices were used and should be refactored away.
Use REVIEW to note anything that should be looked at to confirm it is working as intended.
For example: REVIEW: Are we sure this is how the client does X currently?
Use other custom annotation keywords if it feels appropriate, but be sure to document them in your project’s README or similar.
Place magic comments above all code and documentation in a file (except shebangs, which are discussed next).
# bad
# Some documentation about Person
# frozen_string_literal: true
class Person
end
# good
# frozen_string_literal: true
# Some documentation about Person
class Person
endPlace magic comments below shebangs when they are present in a file.
# bad
# frozen_string_literal: true
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
App.parse(ARGV)
# good
#!/usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
App.parse(ARGV)Use one magic comment per line if you need multiple.
# bad
# -*- frozen_string_literal: true; encoding: ascii-8bit -*-
# good
# frozen_string_literal: true
# encoding: ascii-8bitSeparate magic comments from code and documentation with a blank line.
# bad
# frozen_string_literal: true
# Some documentation for Person
class Person
# Some code
end
# good
# frozen_string_literal: true
# Some documentation for Person
class Person
# Some code
endPrefer literal array and hash creation notation (unless you need to pass parameters to their constructors, that is).
# bad
arr = Array.new
hash = Hash.new
# good
arr = []
arr = Array.new(10)
hash = {}
hash = Hash.new(0)Prefer %w to the literal array syntax when you need an array of words (non-empty strings without spaces and special characters in them).
Apply this rule only to arrays with two or more elements.
# bad
STATES = ['draft', 'open', 'closed']
# good
STATES = %w[draft open closed]Prefer %i to the literal array syntax when you need an array of symbols (and you don’t need to maintain Ruby 1.9 compatibility).
Apply this rule only to arrays with two or more elements.
# bad
STATES = [:draft, :open, :closed]
# good
STATES = %i[draft open closed]Avoid comma after the last item of an Array or Hash literal, especially when the items are not on separate lines.
# bad - easier to move/add/remove items, but still not preferred
VALUES = [
1001,
2020,
3333,
]
# bad
VALUES = [1001, 2020, 3333, ]
# good
VALUES = [1001, 2020, 3333]Avoid the creation of huge gaps in arrays.
arr = []
arr[100] = 1 # now you have an array with lots of nilsWhen accessing the first or last element from an array, prefer first or last over [0] or [-1].
first and last take less effort to understand, especially for a less experienced Ruby programmer or someone from a language with different indexing semantics.
arr = [1, 2, 3]
# ok
arr[0] # => 1
arr[-1] # => 3
# (arguably) better
arr.first # => 1
arr.last # => 3
# good - assignments can only be done via []=
arr[0] = 2
arr[-1] = 5Use Set instead of Array when dealing with unique elements.
Set implements a collection of unordered values with no duplicates.
This is a hybrid of Array's intuitive inter-operation facilities and Hash's fast lookup.
Prefer symbols instead of strings as hash keys.
# bad
hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }
# good
hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }Avoid the use of mutable objects as hash keys.
Avoid the use of shared mutable objects as hash default values.
Creating a Hash in such a way will share the default value across all keys, causing unexpected behavior when modifying it.
For example, when the Hash was created with an Array as the argument,
calling hash[:foo] << 'bar' will also change the value of all
other keys that have not been explicitly assigned to.
# bad
Hash.new([])
Hash.new({})
Hash.new(Array.new)
Hash.new(Hash.new)
# okay -- beware this will silently discard mutations and only remember assignments
Hash.new { Array.new }
Hash.new { Hash.new }
Hash.new { {} }
Hash.new { [] }
# good - frozen solution will raise an error when mutation is attempted
Hash.new([].freeze)
Hash.new({}.freeze)
# good - using a proc will create a new object for each key
h = Hash.new
h.default_proc = ->(h, k) { [] }
h.default_proc = ->(h, k) { {} }
# good - using a block will create a new object for each key
Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = {} }Use the Ruby 1.9 hash literal syntax when your hash keys are symbols.
# bad
hash = { :one => 1, :two => 2, :three => 3 }
# good
hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }Use the Ruby 3.1 hash literal value syntax when your hash key and value are the same.
# bad
hash = { one: one, two: two, three: three }
# good
hash = { one:, two:, three: }Wrap hash literal in braces if it is a last array item.
# bad
[1, 2, one: 1, two: 2]
# good
[1, 2, { one: 1, two: 2 }]Don’t mix the Ruby 1.9 hash syntax with hash rockets in the same hash literal. When you’ve got keys that are not symbols stick to the hash rockets syntax.
# bad
{ a: 1, 'b' => 2 }
# good
{ :a => 1, 'b' => 2 }Hash::[] was a pre-Ruby 2.1 way of constructing hashes from arrays of key-value pairs,
or from a flat list of keys and values. It has an obscure semantic and looks cryptic in code.
Since Ruby 2.1, Enumerable#to_h can be used to construct a hash from a list of key-value pairs,
and it should be preferred. Instead of Hash[] with a list of literal keys and values,
just a hash literal should be preferred.
# bad
Hash[ary]
Hash[a, b, c, d]
# good
ary.to_h
{a => b, c => d}Use Hash#key? instead of Hash#has_key? and Hash#value? instead of Hash#has_value?.
# bad
hash.has_key?(:test)
hash.has_value?(value)
# good
hash.key?(:test)
hash.value?(value)Use Hash#each_key instead of Hash#keys.each and Hash#each_value instead of Hash#values.each.
# bad
hash.keys.each { |k| p k }
hash.values.each { |v| p v }
hash.each { |k, _v| p k }
hash.each { |_k, v| p v }
# good
hash.each_key { |k| p k }
hash.each_value { |v| p v }Use Hash#fetch when dealing with hash keys that should be present.
heroes = { batman: 'Bruce Wayne', superman: 'Clark Kent' }
# bad - if we make a mistake we might not spot it right away
heroes[:batman] # => 'Bruce Wayne'
heroes[:supermann] # => nil
# good - fetch raises a KeyError making the problem obvious
heroes.fetch(:supermann)Introduce default values for hash keys via Hash#fetch as opposed to using custom logic.
batman = { name: 'Bruce Wayne', is_evil: false }
# bad - if we just use || operator with falsey value we won't get the expected result
batman[:is_evil] || true # => true
# good - fetch works correctly with falsey values
batman.fetch(:is_evil, true) # => falsePrefer the use of the block instead of the default value in Hash#fetch if the code that has to be evaluated may have side effects or be expensive.
batman = { name: 'Bruce Wayne' }
# bad - if we use the default value, we eager evaluate it
# so it can slow the program down if done multiple times
batman.fetch(:powers, obtain_batman_powers) # obtain_batman_powers is an expensive call
# good - blocks are lazy evaluated, so only triggered in case of KeyError exception
batman.fetch(:powers) { obtain_batman_powers }Use Hash#values_at or Hash#fetch_values when you need to retrieve several values consecutively from a hash.
# bad
email = data['email']
username = data['nickname']
# bad
keys = %w[email nickname].freeze
email, username = keys.map { |key| data[key] }
# good
email, username = data.values_at('email', 'nickname')
# also good
email, username = data.fetch_values('email', 'nickname')Prefer transform_keys or transform_values over each_with_object or map when transforming just the keys or just the values of a hash.
# bad
{a: 1, b: 2}.each_with_object({}) { |(k, v), h| h[k] = v * v }
{a: 1, b: 2}.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, v] }.to_h
# good
{a: 1, b: 2}.transform_values { |v| v * v }
{a: 1, b: 2}.transform_keys { |k| k.to_s }Rely on the fact that as of Ruby 1.9 hashes are ordered.
Do not modify a collection while traversing it.
When accessing elements of a collection, avoid direct access via [n] by using an alternate form of the reader method if it is supplied.
This guards you from calling [] on nil.
# bad
Regexp.last_match[1]
# good
Regexp.last_match(1)When providing an accessor for a collection, provide an alternate form to save users from checking for nil before accessing an element in the collection.
# bad
def awesome_things
@awesome_things
end
# good
def awesome_things(index = nil)
if index && @awesome_things
@awesome_things[index]
else
@awesome_things
end
endPrefer map over collect, find over detect, select over find_all, reduce over inject, include? over member? and size over length.
This is not a hard requirement; if the use of the alias enhances readability, it’s ok to use it.
The rhyming methods are inherited from Smalltalk and are not common in other programming languages.
The reason the use of select is encouraged over find_all is that it goes together nicely with reject and its name is pretty self-explanatory.
Don’t use count as a substitute for size.
For Enumerable objects other than Array it will iterate the entire collection in order to determine its size.
# bad
some_hash.count
# good
some_hash.sizeUse flat_map instead of map + flatten.
This does not apply for arrays with a depth greater than 2, i.e. if users.first.songs == ['a', ['b','c']], then use map + flatten rather than flat_map.
flat_map flattens the array by 1, whereas flatten flattens it all the way.
# bad
all_songs = users.map(&:songs).flatten.uniq
# good
all_songs = users.flat_map(&:songs).uniqPrefer reverse_each to reverse.each because some classes that include Enumerable will provide an efficient implementation.
Even in the worst case where a class does not provide a specialized implementation, the general implementation inherited from Enumerable will be at least as efficient as using reverse.each.
# bad
array.reverse.each { ... }
# good
array.reverse_each { ... }The method Object#then is preferred over Object#yield_self, since the name then states the intention, not the behavior. This makes the resulting code easier to read.
# bad
obj.yield_self { |x| x.do_something }
# good
obj.then { |x| x.do_something }|
Note
|
You can read more about the rationale behind this guideline here. |
Slicing arrays with ranges to extract some of their elements (e.g ary[2..5]) is a popular technique. Below you’ll find a few small considerations to keep in mind when using it.
-
[0..-1]inary[0..-1]is redundant and simply synonymous withary.
# bad - you're selecting all the elements of the array
ary[0..-1]
ary[0..nil]
ary[0...nil]
# good
ary-
Ruby 2.6 introduced endless ranges, which provide an easier way to describe a slice going all the way to the end of an array.
# bad - hard to process mentally
ary[1..-1]
ary[1..nil]
# good - easier to read and more concise
ary[1..]-
Ruby 2.7 introduced beginless ranges, which are also handy in slicing. However, unlike the somewhat obscure
-1inary[1..-1], the0inary[0..42]is clear as a starting point. In fact, changing it toary[..42]could potentially make it less readable. Therefore, using code likeary[0..42]is fine. On the other hand,ary[nil..42]should be replaced withary[..42]orarr[0..42].
# bad - hard to process mentally
ary[nil..42]
# good - easier to read
ary[..42]
ary[0..42]Add underscores to large numeric literals to improve their readability.
# bad - how many 0s are there?
num = 1000000
# good - much easier to parse for the human brain
num = 1_000_000Prefer lowercase letters for numeric literal prefixes.
0o for octal, 0x for hexadecimal and 0b for binary.
Do not use 0d prefix for decimal literals.
# bad
num = 01234
num = 0O1234
num = 0X12AB
num = 0B10101
num = 0D1234
num = 0d1234
# good - easier to separate digits from the prefix
num = 0o1234
num = 0x12AB
num = 0b10101
num = 1234Use Integer to check the type of an integer number.
Since Fixnum is platform-dependent, checking against it will return different results on 32-bit and 64-bit machines.
timestamp = Time.now.to_i
# bad
timestamp.is_a?(Fixnum)
timestamp.is_a?(Bignum)
# good
timestamp.is_a?(Integer)Prefer to use ranges when generating random numbers instead of integers with offsets, since it clearly states your intentions. Imagine simulating a roll of a dice:
# bad
rand(6) + 1
# good
rand(1..6)When performing float-division on two integers, either use fdiv or convert one-side integer to float.
# bad
a.to_f / b.to_f
# good
a.to_f / b
a / b.to_f
a.fdiv(b)Avoid (in)equality comparisons of floats as they are unreliable.
Floating point values are inherently inaccurate, and comparing them for exact equality is almost never the desired semantics. Comparison via the ==/!= operators checks floating-point value representation to be exactly the same, which is very unlikely if you perform any arithmetic operations involving precision loss.
# bad
x == 0.1
x != 0.1
# good - using BigDecimal
x.to_d == 0.1.to_d
# good - not an actual float comparison
x == Float::INFINITY
# good
(x - 0.1).abs < Float::EPSILON
# good
tolerance = 0.0001
(x - 0.1).abs < tolerance
# Or some other epsilon based type of comparison:
# https://www.embeddeduse.com/2019/08/26/qt-compare-two-floats/When using exponential notation for numbers, prefer using the normalized scientific notation, which uses a mantissa between 1 (inclusive) and 10 (exclusive). Omit the exponent altogether if it is zero.
The goal is to avoid confusion between powers of ten and exponential notation, as one quickly reading 10e7 could think it’s 10 to the power of 7 (one then 7 zeroes) when it’s actually 10 to the power of 8 (one then 8 zeroes). If you want 10 to the power of 7, you should do 1e7.
| power notation | exponential notation | output |
|---|---|---|
10 ** 7 |
1e7 |
10000000 |
10 ** 6 |
1e6 |
1000000 |
10 ** 7 |
10e6 |
10000000 |
One could favor the alternative engineering notation, in which the exponent must always be a multiple of 3 for easy conversion to the thousand / million / … system.
# bad
10e6
0.3e4
11.7e5
3.14e0
# good
1e7
3e3
1.17e6
3.14Alternative : engineering notation:
# bad
3.2e7
0.1e5
12e4
# good
1e6
17e6
0.98e9Prefer string interpolation and string formatting to string concatenation:
# bad
email_with_name = user.name + ' <' + user.email + '>'
# good
email_with_name = "#{user.name} <#{user.email}>"
# good
email_with_name = format('%s <%s>', user.name, user.email)Adopt a consistent string literal quoting style. There are two popular styles in the Ruby community, both of which are considered good - single quotes by default and double quotes by default.
|
Note
|
The string literals in this guide are using single quotes by default. |
Prefer single-quoted strings when you don’t need string interpolation or special symbols such as \t, \n, ', etc.
# bad
name = "Bozhidar"
name = 'De\'Andre'
# good
name = 'Bozhidar'
name = "De'Andre"Prefer double-quotes unless your string literal contains " or escape characters you want to suppress.
# bad
name = 'Bozhidar'
sarcasm = "I \"like\" it."
# good
name = "Bozhidar"
sarcasm = 'I "like" it.'Don’t use the character literal syntax ?x.
Since Ruby 1.9 it’s basically redundant - ?x would be interpreted as 'x' (a string with a single character in it).
# bad
char = ?c
# good
char = 'c'Don’t leave out {} around instance and global variables being interpolated into a string.
class Person
attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
def initialize(first_name, last_name)
@first_name = first_name
@last_name = last_name
end
# bad - valid, but awkward
def to_s
"#@first_name #@last_name"
end
# good
def to_s
"#{@first_name} #{@last_name}"
end
end
$global = 0
# bad
puts "$global = #$global"
# good
puts "$global = #{$global}"Don’t use Object#to_s on interpolated objects.
It’s called on them automatically.
# bad
message = "This is the #{result.to_s}."
# good
message = "This is the #{result}."Avoid using String#+ when you need to construct large data chunks.
Instead, use String#<<.
Concatenation mutates the string instance in-place and is always faster than String#+, which creates a bunch of new string objects.
# bad
html = ''
html += '<h1>Page title</h1>'
paragraphs.each do |paragraph|
html += "<p>#{paragraph}</p>"
end
# good and also fast
html = ''
html << '<h1>Page title</h1>'
paragraphs.each do |paragraph|
html << "<p>#{paragraph}</p>"
endDon’t use String#gsub in scenarios in which you can use a faster and more specialized alternative.
url = 'http://example.com'
str = 'lisp-case-rules'
# bad
url.gsub('http://', 'https://')
str.gsub('-', '_')
# good
url.sub('http://', 'https://')
str.tr('-', '_')Prefer the use of String#chars over String#split with empty string or regexp literal argument.
|
Note
|
These cases have the same behavior since Ruby 2.0. |
# bad
string.split(//)
string.split('')
# good
string.charsPrefer the use of sprintf and its alias format over the fairly cryptic String#% method.
# bad
'%d %d' % [20, 10]
# => '20 10'
# good
sprintf('%d %d', 20, 10)
# => '20 10'
# good
sprintf('%<first>d %<second>d', first: 20, second: 10)
# => '20 10'
format('%d %d', 20, 10)
# => '20 10'
# good
format('%<first>d %<second>d', first: 20, second: 10)
# => '20 10'When using named format string tokens, favor %<name>s over %{name} because it encodes information about the type of the value.
# bad
format('Hello, %{name}', name: 'John')
# good
format('Hello, %<name>s', name: 'John')Break long strings into multiple lines but don’t concatenate them with +.
If you want to add newlines, use heredoc. Otherwise use \:
# bad
"Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. " +
"Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, " +
"when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book."
# good
<<~LOREM
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s,
when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
LOREM
# good
"Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. "\
"Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, "\
"when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book."Use Ruby 2.3’s squiggly heredocs for nicely indented multi-line strings.
# bad - using Powerpack String#strip_margin
code = <<-RUBY.strip_margin('|')
|def test
| some_method
| other_method
|end
RUBY
# also bad
code = <<-RUBY
def test
some_method
other_method
end
RUBY
# good
code = <<~RUBY
def test
some_method
other_method
end
RUBYUse descriptive delimiters for heredocs. Delimiters add valuable information about the heredoc content, and as an added bonus some editors can highlight code within heredocs if the correct delimiter is used.
# bad
code = <<~END
def foo
bar
end
END
# good
code = <<~RUBY
def foo
bar
end
RUBY
# good
code = <<~SUMMARY
An imposing black structure provides a connection between the past and
the future in this enigmatic adaptation of a short story by revered
sci-fi author Arthur C. Clarke.
SUMMARYPlace method calls with heredoc receivers on the first line of the heredoc definition. The bad form has significant potential for error if a new line is added or removed.
# bad
query = <<~SQL
select foo from bar
SQL
.strip_indent
# good
query = <<~SQL.strip_indent
select foo from bar
SQLPlace the closing parenthesis for method calls with heredoc arguments on the first line of the heredoc definition. The bad form has potential for error if the new line before the closing parenthesis is removed.
# bad
foo(<<~SQL
select foo from bar
SQL
)
# good
foo(<<~SQL)
select foo from bar
SQLPrefer Time.now over Time.new when retrieving the current system time.
Don’t use DateTime unless you need to account for historical calendar reform - and if you do, explicitly specify the start argument to clearly state your intentions.
# bad - uses DateTime for current time
DateTime.now
# good - uses Time for current time
Time.now
# bad - uses DateTime for modern date
DateTime.iso8601('2016-06-29')
# good - uses Date for modern date
Date.iso8601('2016-06-29')
# good - uses DateTime with start argument for historical date
DateTime.iso8601('1751-04-23', Date::ENGLAND)Some people, when confronted with a problem, think "I know, I’ll use regular expressions." Now they have two problems.
Don’t use regular expressions if you just need plain text search in string.
foo = 'I am an example string'
# bad - using a regular expression is an overkill here
foo =~ /example/
# good
foo['example']For simple constructions you can use regexp directly through string index.
match = string[/regexp/] # get content of matched regexp
first_group = string[/text(grp)/, 1] # get content of captured group
string[/text (grp)/, 1] = 'replace' # string => 'text replace'Use non-capturing groups when you don’t use the captured result.
# bad
/(first|second)/
# good
/(?:first|second)/Do not mix named captures and numbered captures in a Regexp literal. Because numbered capture is ignored if they’re mixed.
# bad - There is no way to access `(BAR)` capturing.
m = /(?<foo>FOO)(BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[:foo] # => "FOO"
p m[1] # => "FOO"
p m[2] # => nil - not "BAR"
# good - Both captures are accessible with names.
m = /(?<foo>FOO)(?<bar>BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[:foo] # => "FOO"
p m[:bar] # => "BAR"
# good - `(?:BAR)` is non-capturing grouping.
m = /(?<foo>FOO)(?:BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[:foo] # => "FOO"
# good - Both captures are accessible with numbers.
m = /(FOO)(BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[1] # => "FOO"
p m[2] # => "BAR"Prefer using names to refer named regexp captures instead of numbers.
# bad
m = /(?<foo>FOO)(?<bar>BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[1] # => "FOO"
p m[2] # => "BAR"
# good
m = /(?<foo>FOO)(?<bar>BAR)/.match('FOOBAR')
p m[:foo] # => "FOO"
p m[:bar] # => "BAR"Don’t use the cryptic Perl-legacy variables denoting last regexp group matches ($1, $2, etc).
Use Regexp.last_match(n) instead.
/(regexp)/ =~ string
...
# bad
process $1
# good
process Regexp.last_match(1)Avoid using numbered groups as it can be hard to track what they contain. Named groups can be used instead.
# bad
/(regexp)/ =~ string
# some code
process Regexp.last_match(1)
# good
/(?<meaningful_var>regexp)/ =~ string
# some code
process meaningful_varCharacter classes have only a few special characters you should care about: ^, -, \, ], so don’t escape . or brackets in [].
Be careful with ^ and $ as they match start/end of line, not string endings.
If you want to match the whole string use: \A and \z (not to be confused with \Z which is the equivalent of /\n?\z/).
string = "some injection\nusername"
string[/^username$/] # matches
string[/\Ausername\z/] # doesn't matchUse x (free-spacing) modifier for multi-line regexps.
|
Note
|
That’s known as free-spacing mode. In this mode leading and trailing whitespace is ignored. |
# bad
regex = /start\
\s\
(group)\
(?:alt1|alt2)\
end/
# good
regexp = /
start
\s
(group)
(?:alt1|alt2)
end
/xUse x modifier for complex regexps.
This makes them more readable and you can add some useful comments.
regexp = /
start # some text
\s # white space char
(group) # first group
(?:alt1|alt2) # some alternation
end
/xFor complex replacements sub/gsub can be used with a block or a hash.
words = 'foo bar'
words.sub(/f/, 'f' => 'F') # => 'Foo bar'
words.gsub(/\w+/) { |word| word.capitalize } # => 'Foo Bar'Use %() (it’s a shorthand for %Q) for single-line strings which require both interpolation and embedded double-quotes.
For multi-line strings, prefer heredocs.
# bad (no interpolation needed)
%(<div class="text">Some text</div>)
# should be '<div class="text">Some text</div>'
# bad (no double-quotes)
%(This is #{quality} style)
# should be "This is #{quality} style"
# bad (multiple lines)
%(<div>\n<span class="big">#{exclamation}</span>\n</div>)
# should be a heredoc.
# good (requires interpolation, has quotes, single line)
%(<tr><td class="name">#{name}</td>)Avoid %() or the equivalent %q() unless you have a string with both ' and " in it.
Regular string literals are more readable and should be preferred unless a lot of characters would have to be escaped in them.
# bad
name = %q(Bruce Wayne)
time = %q(8 o'clock)
question = %q("What did you say?")
# good
name = 'Bruce Wayne'
time = "8 o'clock"
question = '"What did you say?"'
quote = %q(<p class='quote'>"What did you say?"</p>)Use %r only for regular expressions matching at least one / character.
# bad
%r{\s+}
# good
%r{^/(.*)$}
%r{^/blog/2011/(.*)$}Avoid the use of %x unless you’re going to execute a command with backquotes in it (which is rather unlikely).
# bad
date = %x(date)
# good
date = `date`
echo = %x(echo `date`)Avoid the use of %s.
It seems that the community has decided :"some string" is the preferred way to create a symbol with spaces in it.
Use the braces that are the most appropriate for the various kinds of percent literals.
-
()for string literals (%q,%Q). -
[]for array literals (%w,%i,%W,%I) as it is aligned with the standard array literals. -
{}for regexp literals (%r) since parentheses often appear inside regular expressions. That’s why a less common character with{is usually the best delimiter for%rliterals. -
()for all other literals (e.g.%s,%x)
# bad
%q{"Test's king!", John said.}
# good
%q("Test's king!", John said.)
# bad
%w(one two three)
%i(one two three)
# good
%w[one two three]
%i[one two three]
# bad
%r((\w+)-(\d+))
%r{\w{1,2}\d{2,5}}
# good
%r{(\w+)-(\d+)}
%r|\w{1,2}\d{2,5}|Avoid needless metaprogramming.
Do not mess around in core classes when writing libraries (do not monkey-patch them).
The block form of class_eval is preferable to the string-interpolated form.
When you use the string-interpolated form, always supply __FILE__ and __LINE__, so that your backtraces make sense:
class_eval 'def use_relative_model_naming?; true; end', __FILE__, __LINE__define_method is preferable to class_eval { def … }
When using class_eval (or other eval) with string interpolation, add a comment block showing its appearance if interpolated (a practice used in Rails code):
# from activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS.each do |unsafe_method|
if 'String'.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
def #{unsafe_method}(*params, &block) # def capitalize(*params, &block)
to_str.#{unsafe_method}(*params, &block) # to_str.capitalize(*params, &block)
end # end
def #{unsafe_method}!(*params) # def capitalize!(*params)
@dirty = true # @dirty = true
super # super
end # end
EOT
end
endAvoid using method_missing for metaprogramming because backtraces become messy, the behavior is not listed in #methods, and misspelled method calls might silently work, e.g. nukes.luanch_state = false.
Consider using delegation, proxy, or define_method instead.
If you must use method_missing:
-
Be sure to also define
respond_to_missing? -
Only catch methods with a well-defined prefix, such as
find_by_*--make your code as assertive as possible. -
Call
superat the end of your statement -
Delegate to assertive, non-magical methods:
# bad
def method_missing(meth, *params, &block)
if /^find_by_(?<prop>.*)/ =~ meth
# ... lots of code to do a find_by
else
super
end
end
# good
def method_missing(meth, *params, &block)
if /^find_by_(?<prop>.*)/ =~ meth
find_by(prop, *params, &block)
else
super
end
end
# best of all, though, would to define_method as each findable attribute is declaredPrefer public_send over send so as not to circumvent private/protected visibility.
# We have an ActiveModel Organization that includes concern Activatable
module Activatable
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
included do
before_create :create_token
end
private
def reset_token
# some code
end
def create_token
# some code
end
def activate!
# some code
end
end
class Organization < ActiveRecord::Base
include Activatable
end
linux_organization = Organization.find(...)
# bad - violates privacy
linux_organization.send(:reset_token)
# good - should throw an exception
linux_organization.public_send(:reset_token)Prefer __send__ over send, as send may overlap with existing methods.
require 'socket'
u1 = UDPSocket.new
u1.bind('127.0.0.1', 4913)
u2 = UDPSocket.new
u2.connect('127.0.0.1', 4913)
# bad - Won't send a message to the receiver object. Instead it will send a message via UDP socket.
u2.send :sleep, 0
# good - Will actually send a message to the receiver object.
u2.__send__ ...Don’t use block comments. They cannot be preceded by whitespace and are not as easy to spot as regular comments.
# bad
=begin
comment line
another comment line
=end
# good
# comment line
# another comment lineThis is not really a block comment syntax, but more of an attempt to emulate Perl’s POD documentation system.
There’s an rdtool for Ruby that’s pretty similar to POD.
Basically rdtool scans a file for =begin and =end pairs, and extracts
the text between them all. This text is assumed to be documentation in
RD format.
You can read more about it
here.
RD predated the rise of RDoc and YARD and was effectively obsoleted by them.[3]
The gemspec should not contain RUBY_VERSION as a condition to switch dependencies.
RUBY_VERSION is determined by rake release, so users may end up with wrong dependency.
# bad
Gem::Specification.new do |s|
if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.5'
s.add_dependency 'gem_a'
else
s.add_dependency 'gem_b'
end
endFix by either:
-
Post-install messages.
-
Add both gems as dependency (if permissible).
-
If development dependencies, move to Gemfile.
Prefer add_dependency over add_runtime_dependency because add_dependency is considered soft-deprecated
and the Bundler team recommends add_dependency.
# bad
Gem::Specification.new do |s|
s.add_runtime_dependency 'gem_a'
end
# good
Gem::Specification.new do |s|
s.add_dependency 'gem_a'
endSee rubygems/rubygems#7799 (comment) for details.
Avoid the use of flip-flop operators.
Don’t do explicit non-nil checks unless you’re dealing with boolean values.
# bad
do_something if !something.nil?
do_something if something != nil
# good
do_something if something
# good - dealing with a boolean
def value_set?
!@some_boolean.nil?
endUse $stdout/$stderr/$stdin instead of STDOUT/STDERR/STDIN.
STDOUT/STDERR/STDIN are constants, and while you can actually reassign (possibly to redirect some stream) constants in Ruby, you’ll get an interpreter warning if you do so.
# bad
STDOUT.puts('hello')
hash = { out: STDOUT, key: value }
def m(out = STDOUT)
out.puts('hello')
end
# good
$stdout.puts('hello')
hash = { out: $stdout, key: value }
def m(out = $stdout)
out.puts('hello')
end|
Note
|
The only valid use-case for the stream constants is obtaining references to the original streams (assuming you’ve redirected some of the global vars). |
Use warn instead of $stderr.puts.
Apart from being more concise and clear, warn allows you to suppress warnings if you need to (by setting the warn level to 0 via -W0).
# bad
$stderr.puts 'This is a warning!'
# good
warn 'This is a warning!'Prefer the use of Array#join over the fairly cryptic Array#* with a string argument.
# bad
%w[one two three] * ', '
# => 'one, two, three'
# good
%w[one two three].join(', ')
# => 'one, two, three'Use Array() instead of explicit Array check or [*var], when dealing with a variable you want to treat as an Array, but you’re not certain it’s an array.
# bad
paths = [paths] unless paths.is_a?(Array)
paths.each { |path| do_something(path) }
# bad (always creates a new Array instance)
[*paths].each { |path| do_something(path) }
# good (and a bit more readable)
Array(paths).each { |path| do_something(path) }Use ranges or Comparable#between? instead of complex comparison logic when possible.
# bad
do_something if x >= 1000 && x <= 2000
# good
do_something if (1000..2000).include?(x)
# good
do_something if x.between?(1000, 2000)Prefer the use of predicate methods to explicit comparisons with ==.
Numeric comparisons are OK.
# bad
if x % 2 == 0
end
if x % 2 == 1
end
if x == nil
end
# good
if x.even?
end
if x.odd?
end
if x.nil?
end
if x.zero?
end
if x == 0
endPrefer bitwise predicate methods over direct comparison operations.
# bad - checks any set bits
(variable & flags).positive?
# good
variable.anybits?(flags)
# bad - checks all set bits
(variable & flags) == flags
# good
variable.allbits?(flags)
# bad - checks no set bits
(variable & flags).zero?
(variable & flags) == 0
# good
variable.nobits?(flags)Avoid using Perl-style special variables (like $:, $;, etc).
They are quite cryptic and their use in anything but one-liner scripts is discouraged.
# bad
$:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__)
# good
$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__)Use the human-friendly aliases provided by the English library if required.
# bad
print $', $$
# good
require 'English'
print $POSTMATCH, $PIDFor all your internal dependencies, you should use require_relative.
Use of require should be reserved for external dependencies
# bad
require 'set'
require 'my_gem/spec/helper'
require 'my_gem/lib/something'
# good
require 'set'
require_relative 'helper'
require_relative '../lib/something'This way is more expressive (making clear which dependency is internal or not) and more efficient (as require_relative doesn’t have to try all of $LOAD_PATH contrary to require).
Write ruby -w safe code.
Avoid hashes as optional parameters. Does the method do too much? (Object initializers are exceptions for this rule).
Use module instance variables instead of global variables.
# bad
$foo_bar = 1
# good
module Foo
class << self
attr_accessor :bar
end
end
Foo.bar = 1Use OptionParser for parsing complex command line options and ruby -s for trivial command line options.
Do not mutate parameters unless that is the purpose of the method.
Avoid more than three levels of block nesting.
Code in a functional way, avoiding mutation when that makes sense.
a = []; [1, 2, 3].each { |i| a << i * 2 } # bad
a = [1, 2, 3].map { |i| i * 2 } # good
a = {}; [1, 2, 3].each { |i| a[i] = i * 17 } # bad
a = [1, 2, 3].reduce({}) { |h, i| h[i] = i * 17; h } # good
a = [1, 2, 3].each_with_object({}) { |i, h| h[i] = i * 17 } # goodOmit the .rb extension for filename passed to require and require_relative.
|
Note
|
If the extension is omitted, Ruby tries adding '.rb', '.so', and so on to the name
until found. If the file named cannot be found, a LoadError will be raised.
There is an edge case where foo.so file is loaded instead of a LoadError
if foo.so file exists when require 'foo.rb' will be changed to require 'foo',
but that seems harmless.
|
# bad
require 'foo.rb'
require_relative '../foo.rb'
# good
require 'foo'
require 'foo.so'
require_relative '../foo'
require_relative '../foo.so'The method tap can be helpful for debugging purposes but should not be left in production code.
# bad
Config.new(hash, path).tap do |config|
config.check if check
end
# good
config = Config.new(hash, path)
config.check if check
configThis is simpler and more efficient.
Here are some tools to help you automatically check Ruby code against this guide.
RuboCop is a Ruby static code analyzer and formatter, based on this style guide. RuboCop already covers a significant portion of the guide and has plugins for most popular Ruby editors and IDEs.
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Tip
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RuboCop’s cops (code checks) have links to the guidelines that they are based on, as part of their metadata. |
RubyMine's code inspections are partially based on this guide.
This guide started its life in 2011 as an internal company Ruby coding guidelines (written by Bozhidar Batsov). Bozhidar had always been bothered as a Ruby developer about one thing - Python developers had a great programming style reference (PEP-8) and Rubyists never got an official guide, documenting Ruby coding style and best practices. Bozhidar firmly believed that style matters. He also believed that a great hacker community, such as Ruby has, should be quite capable of producing this coveted document. The rest is history…
At some point Bozhidar decided that the work he was doing might be interesting to members of the Ruby community in general and that the world had little need for another internal company guideline. But the world could certainly benefit from a community-driven and community-sanctioned set of practices, idioms and style prescriptions for Ruby programming.
Bozhidar served as the guide’s only editor for a few years, before a team of editors was formed once the project transitioned to RuboCop HQ.
Since the inception of the guide we’ve received a lot of feedback from members of the exceptional Ruby community around the world. Thanks for all the suggestions and the support! Together we can make a resource beneficial to each and every Ruby developer out there.
Many people, books, presentations, articles and other style guides influenced the community Ruby style guide. Here are some of them:
The guide is still a work in progress - some guidelines are lacking examples, some guidelines don’t have examples that illustrate them clearly enough. Improving such guidelines is a great (and simple way) to help the Ruby community!
In due time these issues will (hopefully) be addressed - just keep them in mind for now.
Nothing written in this guide is set in stone. It’s our desire to work together with everyone interested in Ruby coding style, so that we could ultimately create a resource that will be beneficial to the entire Ruby community.
Feel free to open tickets or send pull requests with improvements. Thanks in advance for your help!
You can also support the project (and RuboCop) with financial contributions via one of the following platforms:
It’s easy, just follow the contribution guidelines below:
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Fork rubocop/ruby-style-guide on GitHub
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Make your feature addition or bug fix in a feature branch.
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Include a good description of your changes
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Push your feature branch to GitHub
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Send a Pull Request
This guide is written in AsciiDoc and is published as HTML using AsciiDoctor. The HTML version of the guide is hosted on GitHub Pages.
Originally the guide was written in Markdown, but was converted to AsciiDoc in 2019.
A community-driven style guide is of little use to a community that doesn’t know about its existence. Tweet about the guide, share it with your friends and colleagues. Every comment, suggestion or opinion we get makes the guide just a little bit better. And we want to have the best possible guide, don’t we?
