FindMyFriends

Fast alignment-free pangenome creation and exploration

Release: Devel: @master:

FindMyFriends is an R package for doing pangenomic analyses on microbial genomes. It is released as part of the Bioconductor project and can be installed with the BiocManager::install() function:

if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly=TRUE))
    install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("FindMyFriends")

For the absolute latest version, install directly from GitHub:

if(!require(devtools)) {
  install.packages('devtools')
  library(devtools)
}
install_github('thomasp85/FindMyFriends')

But what is this really about?

In comparative microbial genomics a pangenome is defined as a grouping of genes across genomes based on some sort of similarity. This similarity meassure is not set in stone, but often it is derived from BLASTing each pair of genes against each other. This is a bad idea for several reasons: comparing all against all leads to a horrible scaling of computational time as the number of genes increase, BLAST is in general really slow, and sequence similarity alone cannot distinguish orthologue genes from paralogues. The last point has been adressed by recent tools such as PanOCT and Roary, but the first two still stands (though Roary do something clever to make it less of an issue).

Enter FindMyFriends...

So this is just another algorithm?

It is also another algorithm. But more importantly it is a framework for conducting pangenome analysis that is completely agnostic to how you've derived your pangenome in the first place. FindMyFriends defines an extendible list of classes for handling pangenome data in a transparent way, and plugs directly into the vast array of genomic tools offered by Bioconductor.

Okay, back to the algorithms. FindMyFriends works by using CD-Hit to create a very coarse grouping of the genes in your dataset, and then refine this grouping in a second pass using additional similarity meassures. This is in contrast to Roary that uses CD-Hit, but only to group the most similar genes together prior to running BLAST. The second pass in FindMyFriends is where all the magic happens. The genes in each large group is compared by sequence similarity (using kmer cosine similarity), sequence length, genome membership and neighborhood similarity. Based on these comparisons a graph is created for each group, with edges defining similarity above a certain threshold between genes. From this graph cliques are gradually extracted in a way that ensures the highest quality cliques are extracted first. These cliques defines the final grouping of genes. Because they are cliques the user can be sure that all members of the resulting gene groups share a defined similarity with each other and that no gene can be grouped with others solemnly based on a high similarity to one member.

That sound like a lot of work

Well, high quality results are more important than speed! But this is one of the rare cases where you can have your cake and eat it too. FindMyFriends is, by a large margin, the fastest algorithm out there:

FindMyFriends scales to thousands of genomes, and can handle large diversity (i.e. not restricted to species level). As an example a pangenome based on ~1200 strains from the order Lactobacillales (Lactic Acid Bacteria) was created in around 8 hours on a c3x8.large AWS instance using a single core.

How do I use it then?

Being a framework there is a lot of things you can do and many different ways to do it. Following is the recommended approach to calculating a pangenome:

library(FindMyFriends)

# We expect here that your genomes are stored in amino acid fasta files in the
# working directory.
genomes <- list.files(pattern = '.fasta')

# First we create our pangenome object
pg <- pangenome(genomes, translated = TRUE, geneLocation = 'prodigal')

# Then we make the initial grouping
pg <- cdhitGrouping(pg)

# And lastly we refine the groups
pg <- neighborhoodSplit(pg)

please see the vignette for more information on the different steps as well as examples on what you can do with your data once you're done grouping your genes.

What will happen with this in the future?

Following are some of the features that are being worked on/considered:

• GFF3 and GBK file support
• Improved plotStat and plotEvolution
• Even more panchromosomal analysis tools
  1. plotPC
  2. Automatic frameshift detection
  3. Support for storing pc-derived grouping in object
• Better parallelization
• Switch to using data.table internally for better performance
• Exporting functions
• sqlite based class for very low memory interface