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Simple Python Version Management: pyenv

Join the chat at https://gitter.im/yyuu/pyenv

pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It's simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose tools that do one thing well.

This project was forked from rbenv and ruby-build, and modified for Python.

Terminal output example

What pyenv does...

  • Lets you change the global Python version on a per-user basis.
  • Provides support for per-project Python versions.
  • Allows you to override the Python version with an environment variable.
  • Searches for commands from multiple versions of Python at a time. This may be helpful to test across Python versions with tox.

In contrast with pythonbrew and pythonz, pyenv does not...

  • Depend on Python itself. pyenv was made from pure shell scripts. There is no bootstrap problem of Python.
  • Need to be loaded into your shell. Instead, pyenv's shim approach works by adding a directory to your PATH.
  • Manage virtualenv. Of course, you can create virtualenv yourself, or pyenv-virtualenv to automate the process.

Table of Contents

How It Works

At a high level, pyenv intercepts Python commands using shim executables injected into your PATH, determines which Python version has been specified by your application, and passes your commands along to the correct Python installation.

Understanding PATH

When you run a command like python or pip, your operating system searches through a list of directories to find an executable file with that name. This list of directories lives in an environment variable called PATH, with each directory in the list separated by a colon:

/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Directories in PATH are searched from left to right, so a matching executable in a directory at the beginning of the list takes precedence over another one at the end. In this example, the /usr/local/bin directory will be searched first, then /usr/bin, then /bin.

Understanding Shims

pyenv works by inserting a directory of shims at the front of your PATH:

$(pyenv root)/shims:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin

Through a process called rehashing, pyenv maintains shims in that directory to match every Python command across every installed version of Python—python, pip, and so on.

Shims are lightweight executables that simply pass your command along to pyenv. So with pyenv installed, when you run, say, pip, your operating system will do the following:

  • Search your PATH for an executable file named pip
  • Find the pyenv shim named pip at the beginning of your PATH
  • Run the shim named pip, which in turn passes the command along to pyenv

Understanding Python version selection

When you execute a shim, pyenv determines which Python version to use by reading it from the following sources, in this order:

  1. The PYENV_VERSION environment variable (if specified). You can use the pyenv shell command to set this environment variable in your current shell session.

  2. The application-specific .python-version file in the current directory (if present). You can modify the current directory's .python-version file with the pyenv local command.

  3. The first .python-version file found (if any) by searching each parent directory, until reaching the root of your filesystem.

  4. The global $(pyenv root)/version file. You can modify this file using the pyenv global command. If the global version file is not present, pyenv assumes you want to use the "system" Python (see below).

A special version name "system" means to use whatever Python is found on PATH after the shims PATH entry (in other words, whatever would be run if Pyenv shims weren't on PATH). Note that Pyenv considers those installations outside its control and does not attempt to inspect or distinguish them in any way. So e.g. if you are on MacOS and have OS-bundled Python 3.8.9 and Homebrew-installed Python 3.9.12 and 3.10.2 -- for Pyenv, this is still a single "system" version, and whichever of those is first on PATH under the executable name you specified will be run.

NOTE: You can activate multiple versions at the same time, including multiple versions of Python2 or Python3 simultaneously. This allows for parallel usage of Python2 and Python3, and is required with tools like tox. For example, to instruct Pyenv to first use your system Python and Python3 (which are e.g. 2.7.9 and 3.4.2) but also have Python 3.3.6, 3.2.1, and 2.5.2 available, you first pyenv install the missing versions, then set pyenv global system 3.3.6 3.2.1 2.5.2. Then you'll be able to invoke any of those versions with an appropriate pythonX or pythonX.Y name. You can also specify multiple versions in a .python-version file by hand, separated by newlines. Lines starting with a # are ignored.

pyenv which <command> displays which real executable would be run when you invoke <command> via a shim. E.g. if you have 3.3.6, 3.2.1 and 2.5.2 installed of which 3.3.6 and 2.5.2 are selected and your system Python is 3.2.5, pyenv which python2.5 should display $(pyenv root)/versions/2.5.2/bin/python2.5, pyenv which python3 -- $(pyenv root)/versions/3.3.6/bin/python3 and pyenv which python3.2 -- path to your system Python due to the fall-through (see below).

Shims also fall through to anything further on PATH if the corresponding executable is not present in any of the selected Python installations. This allows you to use any programs installed elsewhere on the system as long as they are not shadowed by a selected Python installation.

Locating Pyenv-provided Python installations

Once pyenv has determined which version of Python your application has specified, it passes the command along to the corresponding Python installation.

Each Python version is installed into its own directory under $(pyenv root)/versions.

For example, you might have these versions installed:

  • $(pyenv root)/versions/2.7.8/
  • $(pyenv root)/versions/3.4.2/
  • $(pyenv root)/versions/pypy-2.4.0/

As far as Pyenv is concerned, version names are simply directories under $(pyenv root)/versions.

Installation

Getting Pyenv

UNIX/MacOS

Homebrew in macOS

  1. Consider installing with Homebrew:

    brew update
brew install pyenv

  2. Then follow the rest of the post-installation steps, starting with Set up your shell environment for Pyenv.

  3. OPTIONAL. To fix brew doctor's warning ""config" scripts exist outside your system or Homebrew directories"

    If you're going to build Homebrew formulae from source that link against Python like Tkinter or NumPy (This is only generally the case if you are a developer of such a formula, or if you have an EOL version of MacOS for which prebuilt bottles are no longer provided and you are using such a formula).

    To avoid them accidentally linking against a Pyenv-provided Python, add the following line into your interactive shell's configuration:

    • Bash/Zsh:

      alias brew='env PATH="${PATH//$(pyenv root)\/shims:/}" brew'

    • Fish:

      alias brew="env PATH=(string replace (pyenv root)/shims '' \"\$PATH\") brew"
Automatic installer

curl https://pyenv.run | bash

For more details visit our other project: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer

Basic GitHub Checkout

This will get you going with the latest version of Pyenv and make it easy to fork and contribute any changes back upstream.

  • Check out Pyenv where you want it installed. A good place to choose is $HOME/.pyenv (but you can install it somewhere else): 
    git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv
  • Optionally, try to compile a dynamic Bash extension to speed up Pyenv. Don't worry if it fails; Pyenv will still work normally: 
    cd ~/.pyenv && src/configure && make -C src

Windows

Pyenv does not officially support Windows and does not work in Windows outside the Windows Subsystem for Linux. Moreover, even there, the Pythons it installs are not native Windows versions but rather Linux versions running in a virtual machine -- so you won't get Windows-specific functionality.

If you're in Windows, we recommend using @kirankotari's pyenv-win fork -- which does install native Windows Python versions.

Set up your shell environment for Pyenv

Upgrade note: The startup logic and instructions have been updated for simplicity in 2.3.0. The previous, more complicated configuration scheme for 2.0.0-2.2.5 still works.

  • Define environment variable PYENV_ROOT to point to the path where Pyenv will store its data. $HOME/.pyenv is the default. If you installed Pyenv via Git checkout, we recommend to set it to the same location as where you cloned it.
  • Add the pyenv executable to your PATH if it's not already there
  • run eval "$(pyenv init -)" to install pyenv into your shell as a shell function, enable shims and autocompletion
    • You may run eval "$(pyenv init --path)" instead to just enable shims, without shell integration

The below setup should work for the vast majority of users for common use cases. See Advanced configuration for details and more configuration options.

  • For bash:

    Stock Bash startup files vary widely between distributions in which of them source which, under what circumstances, in what order and what additional configuration they perform. As such, the most reliable way to get Pyenv in all environments is to append Pyenv configuration commands to both .bashrc (for interactive shells) and the profile file that Bash would use (for login shells).

    First, add the commands to ~/.bashrc by running the following in your terminal:

    echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'command -v pyenv >/dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bashrc

    Then, if you have ~/.profile, ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login, add the commands there as well. If you have none of these, add them to ~/.profile.

    • to add to ~/.profile:

      echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.profile
echo 'command -v pyenv >/dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.profile
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.profile

    • to add to ~/.bash_profile:

      echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo '[[ -d $PYENV_ROOT/bin ]] && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bash_profile

  • For Zsh:

    echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo '[[ -d $PYENV_ROOT/bin ]] && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.zshrc

    If you wish to get Pyenv in noninteractive login shells as well, also add the commands to ~/.zprofile or ~/.zlogin.

  • For Fish shell:

    If you have Fish 3.2.0 or newer, execute this interactively:

    set -Ux PYENV_ROOT $HOME/.pyenv
fish_add_path $PYENV_ROOT/bin

    Otherwise, execute the snippet below:

    set -Ux PYENV_ROOT $HOME/.pyenv
set -U fish_user_paths $PYENV_ROOT/bin $fish_user_paths

    Now, add this to ~/.config/fish/config.fish:

    pyenv init - | source

Bash warning: There are some systems where the BASH_ENV variable is configured to point to .bashrc. On such systems, you should almost certainly put the eval "$(pyenv init -)" line into .bash_profile, and not into .bashrc. Otherwise, you may observe strange behaviour, such as pyenv getting into an infinite loop. See #264 for details.

Proxy note: If you use a proxy, export http_proxy and https_proxy, too.

In MacOS, you might also want to install Fig which provides alternative shell completions for many command line tools with an IDE-like popup interface in the terminal window. (Note that their completions are independent from Pyenv's codebase so they might be slightly out of sync for bleeding-edge interface changes.)

Restart your shell

for the PATH changes to take effect.

exec "$SHELL"

Install Python build dependencies

Install Python build dependencies before attempting to install a new Python version.

You can now begin using Pyenv.

Usage

Install additional Python versions

To install additional Python versions, use pyenv install.

For example, to download and install Python 3.10.4, run:

pyenv install 3.10.4

Running pyenv install -l gives the list of all available versions.

NOTE: Most Pyenv-provided Python releases are source releases and are built from source as part of installation (that's why you need Python build dependencies preinstalled). You can pass options to Python's configure and compiler flags to customize the build, see Special environment variables in Python-Build's README for details.

NOTE: If you are having trouble installing a Python version, please visit the wiki page about Common Build Problems.

NOTE: If you want to use proxy for download, please set the http_proxy and https_proxy environment variables.

NOTE: If you'd like a faster interpreter at the cost of longer build times, see Building for maximum performance in Python-Build's README.

Prefix auto-resolution to the latest version

All Pyenv subcommands except uninstall automatically resolve full prefixes to the latest version in the corresponding version line.

pyenv install picks the latest known version, while other subcommands pick the latest installed version.

E.g. to install and then switch to the latest 3.10 release:

pyenv install 3.10
pyenv global 3.10

You can run pyenv latest -k <prefix> to see how pyenv install would resolve a specific prefix, or pyenv latest <prefix> to see how other subcommands would resolve it.

See the pyenv latest documentation for details.

Python versions with extended support

For the following Python releases, Pyenv applies user-provided patches that add support for some newer environments. Though we don't actively maintain those patches, since existing releases never change, it's safe to assume that they will continue working until there are further incompatible changes in a later version of those environments.

  • 3.7.8-3.7.15, 3.8.4-3.8.12, 3.9.0-3.9.7 : XCode 13.3
  • 3.5.10, 3.6.15 : MacOS 11+ and XCode 13.3
  • 2.7.18 : MacOS 10.15+ and Apple Silicon

Switch between Python versions

To select a Pyenv-installed Python as the version to use, run one of the following commands:

E.g. to select the above-mentioned newly-installed Python 3.10.4 as your preferred version to use:

pyenv global 3.10.4

Now whenever you invoke python, pip etc., an executable from the Pyenv-provided 3.10.4 installation will be run instead of the system Python.

Using "system" as a version name would reset the selection to your system-provided Python.

See Understanding shims and Understanding Python version selection for more details on how the selection works and more information on its usage.

Uninstall Python versions

As time goes on, you will accumulate Python versions in your $(pyenv root)/versions directory.

To remove old Python versions, use pyenv uninstall <versions>.

Alternatively, you can simply rm -rf the directory of the version you want to remove. You can find the directory of a particular Python version with the pyenv prefix command, e.g. pyenv prefix 2.6.8. Note however that plugins may run additional operations on uninstall which you would need to do by hand as well. E.g. Pyenv-Virtualenv also removes any virtual environments linked to the version being uninstalled.

Other operations

Run pyenv commands to get a list of all available subcommands. Run a subcommand with --help to get help on it, or see the Commands Reference.

Note that Pyenv plugins that you install may add their own subcommands.

Upgrading

Upgrading with Homebrew

If you've installed Pyenv using Homebrew, upgrade using:

brew upgrade pyenv

To switch from a release to the latest development version of Pyenv, use:

brew uninstall pyenv
brew install pyenv --head

then you can upgrade it with brew upgrade pyenv as usual.

Upgrading with Installer or Git checkout

If you've installed Pyenv with Pyenv-installer, you likely have the Pyenv-Update plugin that would upgrade Pyenv and all installed plugins:

pyenv update

If you've installed Pyenv using Pyenv-installer or Git checkout, you can also upgrade your installation at any time using Git.

To upgrade to the latest development version of pyenv, use git pull:

cd $(pyenv root)
git pull

To upgrade to a specific release of Pyenv, check out the corresponding tag:

cd $(pyenv root)
git fetch
git tag
git checkout v0.1.0

Uninstalling pyenv

The simplicity of pyenv makes it easy to temporarily disable it, or uninstall from the system.

  1. To disable Pyenv managing your Python versions, simply remove the pyenv init invocations from your shell startup configuration. This will remove Pyenv shims directory from PATH, and future invocations like python will execute the system Python version, as it was before Pyenv.

    pyenv will still be accessible on the command line, but your Python apps won't be affected by version switching.

  2. To completely uninstall Pyenv, remove all Pyenv configuration lines from your shell startup configuration, and then remove its root directory. This will delete all Python versions that were installed under the $(pyenv root)/versions/ directory:

    rm -rf $(pyenv root)

    If you've installed Pyenv using a package manager, as a final step, perform the Pyenv package removal. For instance, for Homebrew:

    brew uninstall pyenv

Pyenv plugins

Pyenv provides a simple, flexible and maintainable way to extend and customize its functionality with plugins -- as simple as creating a plugin directory and dropping a shell script on a certain subpath of it with whatever extra logic you need to be run at certain moments.

See Plugins on the wiki on how to install and use plugins as well as a catalog of some useful existing plugins for common needs.

See Authoring plugins on the wiki on writing your own plugins.

Advanced Configuration

Skip this section unless you must know what every line in your shell profile is doing.

Also see the Environment variables section for the environment variables that control Pyenv's behavior.

pyenv init is the only command that crosses the line of loading extra commands into your shell. Coming from RVM, some of you might be opposed to this idea. Here's what eval "$(pyenv init -)" actually does:

  1. Sets up the shims path. This is what allows Pyenv to intercept and redirect invocations of python, pip etc. transparently. It prepends $(pyenv root)/shims to your $PATH. It also deletes any other instances of $(pyenv root)/shims on PATH which allows to invoke eval "$(pyenv init -)" multiple times without getting duplicate PATH entries.

  2. Installs autocompletion. This is entirely optional but pretty useful. Sourcing $(pyenv root)/completions/pyenv.bash will set that up. There are also completions for Zsh and Fish.

  3. Rehashes shims. From time to time you'll need to rebuild your shim files. Doing this on init makes sure everything is up to date. You can always run pyenv rehash manually.

  4. Installs pyenv into the current shell as a shell function. This bit is also optional, but allows pyenv and plugins to change variables in your current shell. This is required for some commands like pyenv shell to work. The sh dispatcher doesn't do anything crazy like override cd or hack your shell prompt, but if for some reason you need pyenv to be a real script rather than a shell function, you can safely skip it.

eval "$(pyenv init --path)" only does items 1 and 3.

To see exactly what happens under the hood for yourself, run pyenv init - or pyenv init --path.

eval "$(pyenv init -)" is supposed to run at any interactive shell's startup (including nested shells -- e.g. those invoked from editors) so that you get completion and convenience shell functions.

eval "$(pyenv init --path)" can be used instead of eval "$(pyenv init -)" to just enable shims, without shell integration. It can also be used to bump shims to the front of PATH after some other logic has prepended stuff to PATH that may shadow Pyenv's shims.

  • In particular, in Debian-based distributions, the stock ~/.profile prepends per-user bin directories to PATH after having sourced ~/.bashrc. This necessitates appending a pyenv init call to ~/.profile as well as ~/.bashrc in these distributions because the system's Pip places executables for modules installed by a non-root user into those per-user bin directories.

Using Pyenv without shims

If you don't want to use pyenv init and shims, you can still benefit from pyenv's ability to install Python versions for you. Just run pyenv install and you will find versions installed in $(pyenv root)/versions.

You can manually execute or symlink them as required, or you can use pyenv exec <command> whenever you want <command> to be affected by Pyenv's version selection as currently configured.

pyenv exec works by prepending $(pyenv root)/versions/<selected version>/bin to PATH in the <command>'s environment, the same as what e.g. RVM does.

Environment variables

You can affect how Pyenv operates with the following environment variables:

name default description
PYENV_VERSION Specifies the Python version to be used.
Also see pyenv shell
PYENV_ROOT ~/.pyenv Defines the directory under which Python versions and shims reside.
Also see pyenv root
PYENV_DEBUG Outputs debug information.
Also as: pyenv --debug <subcommand>
PYENV_HOOK_PATH see wiki Colon-separated list of paths searched for pyenv hooks.
PYENV_DIR $PWD Directory to start searching for .python-version files.
PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS Used to pass additional parameters to aria2.
If the aria2c binary is available on PATH, pyenv uses aria2c instead of curl or wget to download the Python Source code. If you have an unstable internet connection, you can use this variable to instruct aria2 to accelerate the download.
In most cases, you will only need to use -x 10 -k 1M as value to PYTHON_BUILD_ARIA2_OPTS environment variable

See also Special environment variables in Python-Build's README for environment variables that can be used to customize the build.

Development

The pyenv source code is hosted on GitHub. It's clean, modular, and easy to understand, even if you're not a shell hacker.

Tests are executed using Bats:

bats test
bats/test/<file>.bats

Contributing

Feel free to submit pull requests and file bugs on the issue tracker.

See CONTRIBUTING.md for more details on submitting changes.

Version History

See CHANGELOG.md.

License

The MIT License

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