I am interested in how Application Binary Interfaces (ABIs) are designed. Since I got involved in helping to define the RISC-V psABI (linked below), I've tried to collect together a lot of different and disparate resources on the ABIs I know of, for future reference.
The main part of this repository is this README, which contains links out to the
canonical references for each ABI specification. There is also an archive
directory in the repository which contains copies of any publicly-available
resources which I deem to be at risk of disappearing.
Contributing: I am happy to accept pull requests to this repository to add any resources or sections which are missing or incomplete.
An ABI is an agreement for how software on a given platform will interoperate. The three main parts of this agreement are:
- The representation of values;
- The names of values and procedures (symbols); and
- How procedures encode arguments and return values (the Calling Convention).
These are of fundamental importance to Instruction Set, Compiler, Linker, Operating System, and Library authors, as these are the central place where choices can be made about software compatibility.
Most application authors will almost never have to care about defining an ABI, but understanding the ABI of their platform might allow them to extract the maximum performance available for their usecase.
There are three main groups of ABI platforms in common usage in 2020:
- The System V ABIs (Linux, most BSDs)
- The Windows ABIs
- The Darwin ABIs (Apple's macOS, iOS and variants)
The System V ABI is made up of two parts:
- The Generic ABI (gABI), which is extended per-processor by:
- The Processor-Specific ABIs (psABIs).
The System V gABI is the specification that defines the ELF file format.
Bare-metal systems which also use ELF often follow the System-V ABI for their processor family.
The System V gABI is available here: http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/
Older versions of the gABI, not listed on that page, are available here: http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/
Some operating systems have their own extensions to the System V gABI, which are also linked below.
Several of the psABIs also reference two other ABIs, for historical reasons (usually because it's easier to take someone else's implementation and adapt it for your processor than come up with your own).
There are a number of features used by GNU toolchains (gcc / glibc / rtld) that are de facto standard regardless of the Operating System, much of which are often used even when OSABI is marked as NONE instead of GNU.
Some of these replace System V gABI features. One important example is DT_GNU_HASH, which replaces the (per System V gABI wording, mandatory) DT_HASH. All ELF OSes support it, and in many distros DT_HASH has been deprecated for more than a decade.
Many of these extensions (including DT_GNU_HASH) were discussed on email threads and not specified in a formal ABI document, but there's a recent-ish effort to change that: https://sourceware.org/gnu-gabi/
There is a discussion forum for this ABI: https://sourceware.org/pipermail/gnu-gabi/
The following document describes how ELF handles thread-local storage (TLS).
The current version is 0.21: https://akkadia.org/drepper/tls.pdf
This document contains processor-specific information about TLS for IA-32 (i386), IA-64 (Itanium), SPARC (32- and 64-bit), SH, Alpha, x86-64, and S390.
Older versions are available as well:
- (v0.20 2005-12-21) https://www.uclibc.org/docs/tls.pdf
Android has its own TLS variant, documented here: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/HEAD/docs/elf-tls.md
ELF commonly uses a format called DWARF for representing debugging information.
The current version is DWARF 5: http://www.dwarfstd.org/doc/DWARF5.pdf
Previous versions are available here: http://www.dwarfstd.org/Download.php
The DWARF standard source is available here: http://git.dwarfstd.org/?p=dwarf-doc.git;a=summary
Thre is a discussion forum for this standard: http://lists.dwarfstd.org/pipermail/dwarf-discuss-dwarfstd.org/
The primary 64-bit psABI is for Intel's x86-64 architecture. Other psABIs often choose to match this psABI, unless there is a good reason not to.
This processor architecture is also called "amd64" by some vendors. Do not confuse this with "IA-64", which denotes Intel's Itanium Architecture. Windows, to add to the confusion, calls this architecture "x64".
The current version is 1.0: https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/x86-64-psABI-1.0.pdf
The x86-64 psABI source is available here: https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/x86-64-ABI
This repository is under active development, and there are new changes every few months.
There is a discussion forum for this ABI: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/x86-64-abi
This is the psABI for Intel's 32-bit i386 architecture. This architecture is also called "IA-32" or "x86" (without the "-64" suffix).
The current version is 1.1: https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/intel386-psABI-1.1.pdf
The i386 psABI source is available here: https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/i386-ABI
There is a discussion forum for this ABI: https://groups.google.com/g/ia32-abi
- IA-MCU psABI (Pentium without x87): https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/iamcu-psABI-0.7.pdf
- IA-64 psABI (Itanium): https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/IA64-SysV-psABI.pdf
- ? A 16-bit i386 ABI: https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/intel386-psABI-16bit.pdf
ARM have collected the psABIs for their 32-bit (AArch32) and 64-bit (AArch64) Architectures together.
ARM used to have their psABIs available as PDFs on their website, but they redesigned it, and the specifications have became very hard to find and obtain PDF copies of.
The ARM psABI sources are available here: https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa (the README contains an overview of the available documents, and links to the parts that have not yet migrated).
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"Function-Descriptor Position Independent Code" (FDPIC) specification: https://github.com/mickael-guene/fdpic_doc/blob/master/abi.txt (v1.0 is available in this repo as well).
This is one solution for running GNU/Linux on platforms where processes share a common address space.
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Read-only Position Independent / Read-write Position Independent (ROPI/RWPI) code models are another solution to this problem on embedded platforms. Unfortunately, I cannot find a good reference for how these ABIs work on ARM.
The RISC-V ELF psABI is available here: https://github.com/riscv/riscv-elf-psabi-doc/blob/master/riscv-elf.md
There is a discussion forum for this ABI: https://groups.google.com/a/groups.riscv.org/g/sw-dev
There are linux-OS specific additions to the System V gABI. These are mandated as part of the "Linux System Base".
The specifications referenced from the Linux System Base are available here: https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org
The current version is available here: https://github.com/hjl-tools/linux-abi/wiki/linux-abi-draft.pdf
These are partially documented in: https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/Linux-ABI
Discussion for this gABI is also handled in: https://sourceware.org/pipermail/gnu-gabi/
The ABIs we've covered so far have mostly been written for C, as C can stand for some kind of "lowest common denominator" of compiled languages.
Most Operating System and System Library issues you are likely to see come up with C, so this is where specifications tend to start.
However, C is not the only compiled language, and it is the case that other compiled languages want to be compatible (without recompilation). Here is some further reading on other languages and their ABI concerns.
These ABIs often build upon the features provided for C in the generic ABI.
Intel went to great lengths to define how C++ should work on their Itanium (IA-64) architecture. Rather than go through the process of producing new definitions that are compatible with System V and C++'s intented semantics, most System V platforms use this ABI for C++.
In particular, this contains the definition of how exception handling (including frame unwinding) usually works in the System V ABI.
The Itanium C++ ABI definition is available here: https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/
The Objective-C ABI does not have an open definition. I'm sure Apple will maintain internal documents on it, but they prefer to ship a working toolchain than to write copious documentation.
Some parts of the ABI are documented in the "Objective-C Runtime Programming Guide" though this is not comprehensive: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjCRuntimeGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html
Rust is a compiled language, and does not have a well-specified and stable ABI. This is partly because the language has features that can only be dealt with at compile-time (rather than link-time), but also that there hasn't been a great need for a stable ABI, as there is only one Rust compiler.
However, if you are interested in how Rust lays out structs, and how you can write code to be compatible with the C abi, there are some great notes by Alexis Beingessner here: https://gankra.github.io/blah/rust-layouts-and-abis/
Swift is a compiled language originally for Apple's platforms, with an intention to be compatible with Objective-C (and support a single Swift system library).
In Swift 5, the language finally shipped a stable ABI. Again, Alexis Beingessner has written an in-depth guide to why and how Swift 5 designed their ABI: https://gankra.github.io/blah/swift-abi/
Often, documentation of a language's runtime can point to ABI details that remain otherwise un- or badly-documented. Jordan Rose has a long series on the Swift Runtime, starting here: https://belkadan.com/blog/2020/08/Swift-Runtime-Heap-Objects/
Go has an ABI, but it isn't documented beyond this mailing list thread: https://groups.google.com/g/golang-dev/c/HDLMMYQv7Ak
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Agner Fog's Optimization Pages: https://www.agner.org/optimize/
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μClibc's psABI page: https://uclibc.org/specs.html