Simstrat

General Information
Acronym of the model	Simstrat
Full name of the model	Simstrat
Model components	Hydrodynamics
Supported platforms	Windows, Mac, Linux
Programming Language	Fortran
Still maintained	Yes, by: EAWAG
Most recent version	Version 2.1 (2019)
Model structure
Needs compilation
1D
Other: Fixed grid (Eulerian)
Model description
Model objective	Simulating 1D hydrodynamics in lakes
Specific application	– Simulating seasonal trends in water temperatures and stratification in deep lakes (Perroud et al., 2009; Raman Vinna et al., 2018) - Seasonal stratification in shallow lakes (Stepanenko et al., 2013) - Assessing climate change scenarios (Schwefel et al., 2016 ; Perroud & Goyette, 2010)
Background knowledge needed to run model	None. Model can be downloaded and compiled according to instructions on the EAWAG github, or downloaded as .exe file.
Basic procedures	1. Prepare a meteorological forcing file, modify default parameters (if needed), and choose the temporal and spatial resolution. 2. Put the starting and constant values in the correct input files (bathymetry, starting temperature profile, time step, etc.). 3. Edit or Upload input forcing files in correct format 4. Run the .exe file. 5. Find your results in the output files. If you run with the PEST calibration procedure, you also need to prepare a observation data to calibrate to.
Simstrat is a 1D hydrodynamic model, solving a k-epsilon turbulence scheme between predefined layers. It includes equations to account for internal seiches. For all formulas and included processes, see Goudsmit et al. (2002).
Link to website/manual	Simstrat Github Also Goudsmit et al. (2002) contains much information.
Model characteristics
Input variables	Obligatory: - Meteorological forcing: Options 1:Wind+Temp+SolRad, 2:Wind+Temp+SolRad+VapP, 3:Wind+Temp+SolRad+VapP+Cloud, 4:Wind+HeatFlux+SolRad) 5:Wind+Temp+SolRad+VapP+Incoming_long_wave For wind, you need both u- and v-wind components. - 1D Bathymetry - Initial conditions: water velocity, water temperature, salinity. - Adsorption coefficient Optional: – Stream inflow discharge, temperature and salinity and outflow discharge
Input file format	ASCII
Output variables	User-choice, amongst others: Water temperature at user-defined depths Water velocity Salinity Turbulence Seiching Brunt-Väisälä frequency Heat fluxes
Output file format	ASCII
Biogeochemical model components	None; Simstrat is a purely hydrodynamic model. But it can be coupled to AQUASIM and work is being done to couple it to FABM.
Model structure/mathematical framework	K-epsilon, which solves 2 transport equations (PDEs)
Temporal resolution	Default setting is 5 minutes
Minimal spatial resolution	(Vertical) 0.25 m and 0.5 m have been tested & acknowledged
Variables needing calibration	Optional, but potentially: - 2 seiching parameters - Surface drag coefficient - Wind forcing scaling factor - Incoming longwave radiation scaling factor - Ice/Snow albedo scaling factor
Has successfully been used in
Climate Change Scenario	Perroud & Goyette (2010) Schwefel et al. (2016)
Shallow Lake/Reservoir	Stepanenko et al. (2013)
Deep lake/Reservoir	Perroud et al. (2009)
Countries in which the model has been applied	Switzerland (e.g. Schwefel et al., 2016), Germany (Stepanenko et al., 2013), Rwanda/Congo (Thiery et al., 2014), Macedonia (Matzinger et al., 2007), USA (Wisconsin and Lake Michigan) (Stepanenko et al., 2010), Finland (Stepanenko et al., 2014), Israel (Schmid et al., 2017)
Which institutes have applied the model	University of Geneva, Eawag, EPFL Lausanne
Has coding for	Ice dynamics, Internal waves
Accessibility
Open-Source
Available tools for pre- and post-processing	PEST for calibration
Support	There is a manual on Github
Can be coupled to the following models	Not implemented yet, but work coupling to AED with FABM or AQUASIM (Doan et al., 2015; Schmid et al., 2017).
How can someone get access to this model	Simstrat Github
Miscellaneous
Comments	An ice module was added in version 2.0
Form was updated: 2019-01-31

Reference list:

Doan, P. T. K., Némery, J., Schmid, M., & Gratiot, N. (2015). Eutrophication of turbid tropical reservoirs: scenarios of evolution of the reservoir of Cointzio, Mexico. Ecological informatics, 29, 192-205.

Goudsmit, G. H., Burchard, H., Peeters, F., & Wüest, A. (2002). Application of k‐ϵ turbulence models to enclosed basins: The role of internal seiches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107(C12).

Matzinger, A., Schmid, M., Veljanoska-Sarafiloska, E., Patceva, S., Guseska, D., Wagner, B., … & Wüest, A. (2007). Eutrophication of ancient Lake Ohrid: Global warming amplifies detrimental effects of increased nutrient inputs. Limnology and Oceanography, 52(1), 338-353.

Perroud, M., Goyette, S., Martynov, A., Beniston, M., & Anneville, O. (2009). Simulation of multiannual thermal profiles in deep Lake Geneva: A comparison of one‐dimensional lake models. Limnology and Oceanography, 54(5), 1574-1594.

Perroud, M., & Goyette, S. (2010). Impacts of warmer climate on Lake Geneva water-temperature profiles. Boreal environment research, 15, 255-278.

Råman Vinnå, L., Wüest, A., Zappa, M., Fink, G., & Bouffard, D. (2018). Tributaries affect the thermal response of lakes to climate change. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(1), 31.

Schmid, M., Ostrovsky, I., & McGinnis, D. F. (2017). Role of gas ebullition in the methane budget of a deep subtropical lake: what can we learn from process‐based modeling?. Limnology and Oceanography, 62(6), 2674-2698.

Schwefel, R., Gaudard, A., Wüest, A., & Bouffard, D. (2016). Effects of climate change on deep‐water oxygen and winter mixing in a deep lake (Lake Geneva)–Comparing observational findings and modeling. Water Resources Research.

Stepanenko, V. M., Goyette, S., Martynov, A., Perroud, M., Fang, X., & Mironov, D. (2010). First steps of a Lake Model intercomparison project: LakeMIP. Boreal environment research, 15, 191-202.

Stepanenko, V. M., Martynov, A., Jöhnk, K. D., Subin, Z. M., Perroud, M., Fang, X., . . . Goyette, S. (2013). A one-dimensional model intercomparison study of thermal regime of a shallow, turbid midlatitude lake. Geoscientific Model Development, 6(4), 1337-1352. doi:10.5194/gmd-6-1337-2013

Stepanenko, V., Jöhnk, K. D., Machulskaya, E., Perroud, M., Subin, Z., Nordbo, A., … & Mironov, D. (2014). Simulation of surface energy fluxes and stratification of a small boreal lake by a set of one-dimensional models. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 66(1), 21389.

Thiery, W. I. M., Stepanenko, V. M., Fang, X., Jöhnk, K. D., Li, Z., Martynov, A., … & Van Lipzig, N. P. (2014). LakeMIP Kivu: evaluating the representation of a large, deep tropical lake by a set of one-dimensional lake models. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 66(1), 21390. |